extol:praise enthusiastically.
umbrage:offense or annoyance.
elucidate:make (something) clear; explain.
vapid:offering nothing that is stimulating or challenging.
sanction:a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule.
impious: not showing respect or reverence, especially for a god.
callous:showing or having an insensitive and cruel disregard for others.
expedient:(of an action) convenient and practical, although possibly improper or immoral.
qualm:an uneasy feeling of doubt, worry, or fear, especially about one's own conduct; a misgiving
ennui:a feeling of listlessness and dissatisfaction arising from a lack of occupation or excitement.
capricious:given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior.
begrudge:envy (someone) the possession or enjoyment of (something)
※Beowulf
Beowulf is a 2007 American 3D motion capture epic fantasy film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Neil Gaiman and Roger Avary, based on the Old English epic poem of the same name. The film was created through a motion capture process similar to the technique Zemeckis used in The Polar Express. The cast includes Ray Winstone, Anthony Hopkins, Robin Wright Penn, Brendan Gleeson, John Malkovich, Crispin Glover, Alison Lohman, and Angelina Jolie. It was released in the United Kingdom and United States on November 16, 2007, by Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures, and was available to view in IMAX 3D, RealD, Dolby 3D and standard 2D format. The film received positive reviews from critics and it earned $196.4 million on a $150 million budget.
※The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales is a 1972 Italian film directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini and based on the medieval narrative poem The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. It is the second film in Pasolini's "Trilogy of Life", the others being The Decameron and Arabian Nights. It won the Golden Bear at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival.
※The Decameron
The Decameron is a 1971 film by Italian director Pier Paolo Pasolini, based on the novel Il Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio. It is the first movie of Pasolini's Trilogy of life, the others being The Canterbury Tales and Arabian Nights.
※Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli , or more formally Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli, was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer.He has often been called the founder of
modern political science.He was for many years a senior official in the Florentine Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. His personal correspondence is renowned in the Italian language. He was secretary to the Second Chancery of the Republic of Florence from 1498 to 1512, when the Medici were out of power. He wrote his most renowned work The Prince (Il Principe) in 1513.
※It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
With the kids jingle belling
And everyone telling you "Be of good cheer"
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
It's the hap -happiest season of all
With those holiday greetings and gay happy meetings
When friends come to call
It's the hap - happiest season of all
There'll be parties for hosting
Marshmallows for toasting
And caroling out in the snow
There'll be scary ghost stories
And tales of the glories of
Christmases long, long ago
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
There'll be much mistltoeing
And hearts will be glowing
When love ones are near
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
There'll be parties for hosting
Marshmallows for toasting
And caroling out in the snow
There'll be scary ghost stories
And tales of the glories of
Christmases long, long ago
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
There'll be much mistltoeing
And hearts will be glowing
When love ones are near
It's The Most Wonderful Time
It's The Most Wonderful Time
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
With the kids jingle belling
And everyone telling you "Be of good cheer"
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
It's the hap -happiest season of all
With those holiday greetings and gay happy meetings
When friends come to call
It's the hap - happiest season of all
There'll be parties for hosting
Marshmallows for toasting
And caroling out in the snow
There'll be scary ghost stories
And tales of the glories of
Christmases long, long ago
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
There'll be much mistltoeing
And hearts will be glowing
When love ones are near
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
There'll be parties for hosting
Marshmallows for toasting
And caroling out in the snow
There'll be scary ghost stories
And tales of the glories of
Christmases long, long ago
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
There'll be much mistltoeing
And hearts will be glowing
When love ones are near
It's The Most Wonderful Time
It's The Most Wonderful Time
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
※Hark The Herald Angel Sing
Hark the herald angels sing
"Glory to the newborn King!
Peace on earth and mercy mild
God and sinners reconciled"
Joyful, all ye nations rise
Join the triumph of the skies
With the angelic host proclaim:
"Christ is born in Bethlehem"
Hark! The herald angels sing
"Glory to the newborn King!"
Christ by highest heav'n adored
Christ the everlasting Lord!
Late in time behold Him come
Offspring of a Virgin's womb
Veiled in flesh the Godhead see
Hail the incarnate Deity
Pleased as man with man to dwell
Jesus, our Emmanuel
Hark! The herald angels sing
"Glory to the newborn King!"
Hail the heav'n-born Prince of Peace!
Hail the Son of Righteousness!
Light and life to all He brings
Ris'n with healing in His wings
Mild He lays His glory by
Born that man no more may die
Born to raise the sons of earth
Born to give them second birth
Hark! The herald angels sing
"Glory to the newborn King!"
※Twelves Days of Christmas
On the first day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
A Partridge in a Pear Tree
On the second day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
2 Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree
On the third day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
3 French Hens
2 Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree
On the fourth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
4 Calling Birds
3 French Hens
2 Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree
On the fifth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
5 Golden Rings
4 Calling Birds
3 French Hens
2 Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree
On the sixth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
6 Geese a Laying
5 Golden Rings
4 Calling Birds
3 French Hens
2 Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree
On the seventh day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
7 Swans a Swimming
6 Geese a Laying
5 Golden Rings
4 Calling Birds
3 French Hens
2 Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree
On the eighth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
8 Maids a Milking
7 Swans a Swimming
6 Geese a Laying
5 Golden Rings
4 Calling Birds
3 French Hens
2 Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree
On the ninth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
9 Ladies Dancing
8 Maids a Milking
7 Swans a Swimming
6 Geese a Laying
5 Golden Rings
4 Calling Birds
3 French Hens
2 Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree
On the tenth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
10 Lords a Leaping
9 Ladies Dancing
8 Maids a Milking
7 Swans a Swimming
6 Geese a Laying
5 Golden Rings
4 Calling Birds
3 French Hens
2 Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree
On the eleventh day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
11 Pipers Piping
10 Lords a Leaping
9 Ladies Dancing
8 Maids a Milking
7 Swans a Swimming
6 Geese a Laying
5 Golden Rings
4 Calling Birds
3 French Hens
2 Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree
On the twelfth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
12 Drummers Drumming
11 Pipers Piping
10 Lords a Leaping
9 Ladies Dancing
8 Maids a Milking
7 Swans a Swimming
6 Geese a Laying
5 Golden Rings
4 Calling Birds
3 French Hens
2 Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree
※Auld Lang Syne
And never brought to mind?
Should auld acquaintance be forgot
And days of auld lang syne?
For auld lang syne, my dear,
For auld lang syne,
We'll take a cup o' kindness yet
For auld lang syne.
We twa hae run aboot the braes
And pou'd the gowans fine;
We've wander'd mony a weary foot
Sin' auld lang syne.
We two hae paidled i' the burn,
Frae mornin' sun till dine;
But seas between us braid hae roar'd
Sin' auld lang syne.
And here's a hand, my trusty friend,
And gie's a hand o' thine;
We'll take a cup o' kindness yet
For auld lang syne.
Should auld acquaintance be forgot,
And never brought to mind?
Should auld acquaintance be forgot
And days of auld lang syne?
For auld lang syne, my dear,
For auld lang syne,
We'll take a cup o' kindness yet
For auld lang syne.
For auld lang syne, my dear,
For auld lang syne,
We'll take a cup o' kindness yet
For auld lang syne.
※Vocabulary Journal
WEEK40
Rhetoric (n.):
early 14c., from Old French rethorique,
from Latin rhetorice, from Greek rhetorike techne "art of an orator," from rhetor (genitive rhetoros)
"speaker, orator, teacher of rhetoric," related to rhesis "speech," rhema
"word, phrase, verb," literally "that which is spoken,"
from PIE *wre-tor-, from root *were-
(3) "to speak" (source also of Old English word,
Latin verbum, Greek eirein
"to say;" see verb).
rhetorical (adj.) Look up
rhetorical at Dictionary.commid-15c., "eloquent," from Latin
rhetoricus, from Greek rhetorikos "oratorical, rhetorical; skilled in
speaking," from rhetor "orator" (see rhetoric). Meaning
"pertaining to rhetoric" is from 1520s. Rhetorical question is from
1670s. Related: Rhetorically.
rhetorician (n.) Look up
rhetorician at Dictionary.comearly 15c., Old French rethoricien, from
rethorique (see rhetoric). An Old English word for one was wordsawere
"word-sower."
Clique (n.)
Look up clique at Dictionary.com1711,
"a party of persons; a small set, especially one associating for
exclusivity," from obsolete French clique, originally (14c.) "a sharp
noise," also "latch, bolt of a door," from Old French cliquer
"click, clatter, crackle, clink," 13c., echoic. Apparently this word
was at one time treated in French as the equivalent of claque (q.v.) and
partook of that word's theatrical sense.
cliquish (adj.) Look up
cliquish at Dictionary.com1839, from clique + -ish. Related: Cliquishly;
cliquishness.
Extol(v.)
Look up extol at Dictionary.comalso extoll,
c. 1400, "to lift up," from Latin extollere "to place on high,
raise, elevate," figuratively "to exalt, praise," from ex
"up" (see ex-) + tollere "to raise," from PIE *tele-
"to bear, carry," "with derivatives referring to measured
weights and thence money and payment" [Watkins].
Cognates include Greek talantos "bearing,
suffering," tolman "to carry, bear," telamon "broad strap
for bearing something," talenton "a balance, pair of scales,"
Atlas "the 'Bearer' of Heaven;" Lithuanian tiltas "bridge;"
Sanskrit tula "balance," tulayati "lifts up, weighs;" Latin
tolerare "to bear, support," perhaps also latus "borne;"
Old English þolian "to endure;" Armenian tolum "I allow."
Figurative sense of "praise highly" in English is first attested c.
1500. Related: Extolled; extolling.
Mentor (n.)(v.)
1888, from mentor (n.). Related: Mentored;
mentoring.
"wise adviser," 1750, from Greek
Mentor, friend of Odysseus and adviser of Telemachus (but often actually Athene
in disguise) in the "Odyssey," perhaps ultimately meaning
"adviser," because the name appears to be an agent noun of mentos
"intent, purpose, spirit, passion" from PIE *mon-eyo- (source also of
Sanskrit man-tar- "one who thinks," Latin mon-i-tor "one who
admonishes"), causative form of root *men- (1) "to think" (see
mind (n.)). The general use of the word probably is via later popular romances,
in which Mentor played a larger part than he does in Homer.
Facile (adj.)
late
15c., "easy to do," from Middle French facile "easy," from
Latin facilis "easy to do" and, of persons, "pliant, courteous,
yielding," from facere "to do" (see factitious). Usually now
with depreciatory implication. Of persons, "easily led," from 1510s.
Cant
Umbrage(n.)
early
15c., "shadow, shade," from Middle French ombrage "shade,
shadow," from noun use of Latin umbraticum "of or pertaining to
shade; being in retirement," neuter of umbraticus "of or pertaining
to shade," from umbra "shade, shadow," from PIE root *andho-
"blind; dark" (source also of Sanskrit andha-, Avestan anda-
"blind, dark"). Many figurative uses in 17c.; main remaining one is
the meaning "suspicion that one has been slighted," first recorded
1610s; hence phrase to take umbrage at, attested from 1670s.
umbrageous (adj.) Look up
umbrageous at Dictionary.com"shady," 1580s, from French ombrageux,
from Old French umbrageus, from umbre "shade," from Latin umbra
"shade, shadow" (see umbrage).
Magnanimous
Vilify(v.)
Look up
vilify at Dictionary.commid-15c., "to lower in worth or value," from
Late Latin vilificare "to make cheap or base; to esteem of little
value," from Latin vilis "cheap, base" (see vile) + root of
facere "to make" (see factitious). Meaning "to slander, speak
evil of" is first recorded 1590s. Related: Vilified, vilifying.
vilification (n.) Look up
vilification at Dictionary.com1620s, from Medieval Latin vilificationem
(nominative vilificatio), noun of action from past participle stem of Late
Latin vilificare (see vilify).
Elucidate (v.)
Look up
elucidate at Dictionary.com1560s, perhaps via Middle French élucider (15c.) or
directly from Late Latin elucidatus, past participle of elucidare "make
light or clear," from assimilated form of ex "out, away" (see
ex-) + lucidus "clear" (see lucid). Related: Elucidated; elucidates;
elucidating.
elucidation (n.) Look up
elucidation at Dictionary.com1560s, "act of making intelligible,"
noun of action from elucidate. As "an explanation" from 1660s.
1650s, "flat, insipid" (of drinks), from Latin vapidus
"flat, insipid," literally "that has exhaled its vapor,"
related to vappa "stale wine," and probably to vapor
"vapor." Applied from 1758 to talk and writing deemed dull and
lifeless. Related: Vapidly; vapidness.
late 14c., "lacking strength, powerless," from un- (1) "not" + obsolete wieldy, from Old
English wielde "active, vigorous," from Proto-Germanic *walth-
"have power" (see wield (v.)). Meaning "moving ungracefully" is
recorded from 1520s; in reference to weapons, "difficult to handle,
awkward by virtue of size or shape" it is attested from 1540s. Related: Unwieldiness.
late 15c., from Middle French proximité
"nearness" (14c.), from Latin proximitatem
(nominative proximitas)
"nearness, vicinity," from proximus
"nearest, next; most direct; adjoining," figuratively "latest,
most recent; next, following; most faithful," superlative of prope "near" (see propinquity).
proxemics (n.)
proxemics (n.)
"neighboring," 1590s (implied in proximately), from Late Latin proximatus, past participle of proximare "to draw near," from proximus "nearest, next" (see proximity).
proximal (adj.)
proximal (adj.)
early 15c., from Latin lassitudinem (nominative lassitudo)
"faintness, weariness," from lassus "faint, tired,
weary," from PIE *led-to-, suffixed form of *led-
"slow, weary" (source also of Old English læt "sluggish,
slow;" see late (adj.)), from root *le- (2) "to let go,
slacken" (see lenient).
1530s, from Latin vitiatus, past participle of vitiare
"to make faulty, injure, spoil, corrupt," from vitium
"fault, defect, blemish, crime, vice" (see vice (n.1)). Related: Vitiated; vitiating.
vitiation (n.)
vitiation (n.)
1630s, from Latin vitiationem (nominative vitiatio)
"violation, corruption," noun of action from past participle stem of vitiare
(see vitiate).
c. 1400, from Old French augmenter "increase, enhance"
(14c.), from Late Latin augmentare "to increase," from Latin augmentum
"an increase," from augere "to increase, make big,
enlarge, enrich," from PIE root *aug- (1) "to increase"
(source also of Sanskrit ojas- "strength;" Lithuanian augu
"to grow," aukstas "high, of superior rank;" Greek auxo
"increase," auxein "to increase;" Gothic aukan
"to grow, increase;" Old English eacien "to
increase"). Related: Augmented; augmenting. As a noun from early 15c.
augmented (adj.)
augmented (adj.)
past participle adjective from augment, c. 1600. Musical sense is attested from 1825.
augmentative (adj.)
augmentative (adj.)
c. 1500, from Middle French augmentatif (14c.), from Late Latin augmentat-,
stem of augmentare "to increase" (see augment).
augmentation (n.)
augmentation (n.)
mid-15c., "act of making greater," from Old French augmentacion
"increase," from Late Latin augmentationem (nominative augmentatio),
noun of action from past participle stem of augmentare "to
increase" (see augment). Meaning "amount by which something is
increased" is from 1520s. Musical sense is from 1590s.
"foolish, stupid," 1530s, from Latin fatuus "foolish,
insipid, silly;" which is of uncertain origin. Buck suggests originally
"stricken" in the head. But de Vaan says from Proto-Italic *fatowo-
"of speech," from the PIE root of fame (n.).
[I]f we connect the fact that Fatuus is said to be an alternative
name for Faunus, and that he predicted the future, and that this god is
attested on an Etruscan mirror as Fatuvs in a clear oracular function
(Weiss 2007b), we may venture a derivation from forfor 'to say'
(Untermann 2000). The name of the god would then have come to be used
pejoratively as 'silly'. [de Vaan]
1640s, from Middle French fatuité (14c.), from Latin fatuitatem
(nominative fatuitas) "foolishness, folly," from fatuus
"foolish, insipid" (see fatuous).
ignis fatuus (n.)
ignis fatuus (n.)
"will o' the wisp, jack-o-lantern," 1560s, Medieval Latin,
literally "foolish fire;" see igneous + fatuous. "It seems to have been formerly a common
phenomenon; but is now exceedingly rare" [OED].
infatuate (v.)
infatuate (v.)
1530s, "turn (something) to foolishness, frustrate by making
foolish," from Latin infatuatus, past participle of infatuare
"make a fool of," from in- "in" (see in- (2)) + fatuus "foolish" (see fatuous). Specific sense of "inspire (in someone) a
foolish passion beyond control of reason" is from 1620s. Related: Infatuated;
infatuating.
An infatuated person is so possessed by a misleading idea or passion
that his thoughts and conduct are controlled by it and turned into folly. [Century
Dictionary]
early 15c., from Latin contortus, past participle of contorquere
"to whirl, twist together," from com "with,
together," here perhaps intensive (see com-) + torquere "to twist" (see torque (n.)). Related: Contorted; contorting.
contortion (n.)
contortion (n.)
early 15c., from Middle French contorsion or directly from Latin contortionem
(nominative contorsio), noun of action from past participle stem of contorquere
(see contort).
contortionist (n.)
contortionist (n.)
1841, from contortion + -ist.
"a stock of plays, songs, etc., which a performer or company has
studied and is ready to perform," 1847, from French répertoire,
literally "index, list" (14c.), from Late Latin repertorium
"inventory" (see repertory)
repertory (n.)
repertory (n.)
1550s, "an index, list, catalogue," from Late Latin repertorium
"inventory, list," from Latin repertus, past participle of reperire
"to find, get, invent," from re-, intensive prefix (see re-), + parire, archaic form of paerere
"produce, bring forth," from PIE root *pere- (1) "to
bring forth" (see pare). Meaning "list of performances" is first
recorded 1845, from similar use of French repertoire; repertory theater is attested from 1896.
Related: Repertorial.
early 15c., from Middle French imperceptible (15c.), from Medieval
Latin imperceptibilis, from assimilated form of in- "not,
opposite of" (see in- (1)) + perceptibilis (see perceptible). Related: Imperceptibly; imperceptibility.
OED marks imperceivable (1610s) as "Now rare."
imperceptibility (n.)
imperceptibility (n.)
1670s, from imperceptible + -ity.
WEEK41
late 13c.,
"to rub down a horse," from Anglo-French curreier "to
curry-comb a horse," from Old French correier "put in order,
prepare, curry," from con-, intensive prefix (see com-), + reier "arrange,"
from a Germanic source (see ready). Related: Curried; currying.
curry (n.)
curry (n.)
the spice, 1680s,
from Tamil kari "sauce, relish for rice."
Old English pæll
"rich cloth or cloak, purple robe, altar cloth," from Latin pallium
"cloak, coverlet, covering," in Tertullian, the garment worn by
Christians instead of the Roman toga; related to pallo "robe,
cloak," palla "long upper garment of Roman women,"
perhaps from the root of pellis "skin." Notion of "cloth
spread over a coffin" (mid-15c.) led to figurative sense of "dark,
gloomy mood" (1742).
pall (v.)
pall (v.)
"become
tiresome," 1700, from Middle English pallen "to become faint,
fail in strength" (late 14c.), shortened form of appallen "to
dismay, fill with horror or disgust" (see appall). Related: Palled; palling.
c. 1600, from
French succulent (16c.), from Latin succulentus "having
juice, juicy," from succus "juice, sap;" related to sugere
"to suck," and possibly cognate with Old English socian
"to soak," sucan "to suck" (see sup (v.2)). The noun meaning "plant with
juicy tissues" is from 1825.
succulence (n.)
succulence (n.)
1530s, from
Middle French satiété, from Latin satietatem (nominative satietas)
"abundance, sufficiency, fullness," from satis
"enough," from PIE root *sa- "to satisfy" (see sad).
late 15c.,
"interior, inward, internal," from Middle French intrinsèque
"inner" (14c.), from Medieval Latin intrinsecus
"interior, internal," from Latin intrinsecus (adv.)
"inwardly, on the inside," from intra "within" (see intra-) + secus "along,
alongside," from PIE *sekw-os- "following," suffixed form
of root *sekw- (1) "to follow" (see sequel).
The form in English was conformed to words in -ic by 18c. Meaning "belonging to the nature of a thing" is from 1640s. Related: Intrinsical; intrinsically.
The form in English was conformed to words in -ic by 18c. Meaning "belonging to the nature of a thing" is from 1640s. Related: Intrinsical; intrinsically.
also pot-pourri,
1610s, "mixed meats served in a stew," from French pot pourri
"stew," literally "rotten pot" (loan-translation of Spanish
olla podrida), from pourri, past participle of pourrir
"to rot," from Vulgar Latin *putrire, from Latin putrescere
"grow rotten" (see putrescent). Notion of "medley" led to
meaning "mixture of dried flowers and spices," first recorded in
English 1749. Figurative sense (originally in music) of "miscellaneous
collection" is recorded from 1855.
1778,
"confirm by sanction, make valid or binding;" 1797 as "to permit
authoritatively;" from sanction (n.). Seemingly contradictory meaning
"impose a penalty on" is from 1956 but is rooted in an old legalistic
sense of the noun. Related: Sanctioned; sanctioning.
sanction (n.)
sanction (n.)
early 15c.,
"confirmation or enactment of a law," from Latin sanctionem
(nominative sanctio) "act of decreeing or ordaining," also
"decree, ordinance," noun of action from past participle stem of sancire
"to decree, confirm, ratify, make sacred" (see saint (n.)). Originally especially of
ecclesiastical decrees.
sanctions (n.)
sanctions (n.)
in international
diplomacy, 1919, plural of sanction (n.) in the sense of "part or clause
of a law which spells out the penalty for breaking it" (1650s).
1590s, from
Middle French dénoter (14c.), from Latin denotare "denote,
mark out," from de- "completely" (see de-) + notare "to mark, note,
make a note" (see note (v.)). Related: Denoted; denoting.
denotate (v.)
denotate (v.)
1590s, from past
participle stem of Latin denotare (see denote). Related: Denotated; denotating.
denotation (n.)
denotation (n.)
1530s,
"indication," from Late Latin denotationem (nominative denotatio),
noun of action from past participle stem of denotare (see denote). As a term in logic, from 1843
(contrasted with connotation).
denotative (adj.)
denotative (adj.)
1530s, "to
mock" (transitive, now obsolete), from Middle French alluder or
directly from Latin alludere "to play, make fun of, joke,
jest," also of waves lapping the shore, from ad "to" (see
ad-) + ludere "to play" (see
ludicrous). Meaning "make an indirect
reference, point in passing" is from 1530s. Related: Alluded; alluding.
allusive (adj.)
allusive (adj.)
"involving
allusions," c. 1600, from Latin allus-, past participle stem of alludere
"to joke, jest" (see allude) + -ive. Related: Allusively; allusiveness.
1540s, from
Middle French insidieux "insidious" (15c.) or directly from
Latin insidiosus "deceitful, cunning, artful, treacherous,"
from insidiae (plural) "plot, snare, ambush," from insidere
"sit on, occupy," from in- "in" (see in- (2)) + sedere "to sit"
(see sedentary). Figurative, usually with a suggestion
of lying in wait and the intent to entrap. Related: Insidiously; insidiousness.
mid-15c.,
"proper character, disposition," from Old French proprieté
"individuality, peculiarity; property" (12c.), from Latin proprietatem
(nominative proprietas) "appropriateness," also
"ownership" (see property). Meaning "fitness,
appropriateness" is attested from 1610s; sense of "conformity to good
manners" is from 1782.
property (n.)
property (n.)
c. 1300, properte,
"nature, quality," later "possession, thing owned" (early
14c., a sense rare before 17c.), from an Anglo-French modification of Old
French propriete "individuality, peculiarity; property" (12c.,
Modern French propreté; see propriety), from Latin proprietatem
(nominative proprietas) "ownership, a property, propriety,
quality," literally "special character" (a loan-translation of
Greek idioma), noun of quality from proprius "one's own,
special" (see proper). For "possessions, private
property" Middle English sometimes used proper goods. Hot
property "sensation, a success" is from 1947 in
"Billboard" stories.
"important
arrival," 1742, an extended sense of Advent "season preceding
Christmas" (in reference to the "coming" of Christ), late Old
English, from Latin adventus "a coming, approach, arrival," in
Church Latin "the coming of the Savior," from past participle stem of
advenire "arrive at, come to," from ad "to"
(see ad-) + venire "to come,"
from a suffixed form of PIE root *gwā- "to come" (see come). Related: Adventual.
adventitious (adj.)
adventitious (adj.)
"of the
nature of an addition from without, not from the essence of the subject;
accidentally or casually acquired," c. 1600, from Medieval Latin adventitius
"coming from abroad, extraneous," a corruption of Latin adventicius
"foreign, strange, accidental," from advent- past participle
stem of advenire "to arrive at, reach, come to" (see advent). Related: Adventitiously; adventitiousness.
Adventist (n.)
Adventist (n.)
"one of a
religious denomination that believes in or looks for the early second coming of
Christ to establish a personal reign," 1843; see advent + -ist. In Church Latin adventus was
applied to the coming of the Savior, both the first or the anticipated second,
hence Adventist was applied to millenarian sects, especially and
originally the Millerites (U.S.). By the end of the 19c. there were three main
divisions of them; the Seventh-Day Adventists so called for their
observation of Saturday as the Sabbath.
1590s,
"irreligious, lacking reverence for God," from Latin impius
"without reverence, irreverent, wicked; undutiful, unpatriotic," from
assimilated form of in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (1)) + pius (see pious). Related: Impiously; impiousness.
impiety (n.)
impiety (n.)
mid-14c., from
Old French impieté "impiety, wickedness" (12c.) or directly
from Latin impietatem (nominative impietas) "irreverence,
ungodliness; disloyalty, treason," noun of quality from impius
"irreverent" (see impious).
"to
offer," late 13c., from Anglo-French profrier (mid-13c.), Old
French poroffrir (11c.), from por- "forth" (from Latin pro;
see pro-) + offrir "to offer,"
from Latin offerre (see offer (v.)). Related: Proffered; proffering.
As a noun from late 14c.
early 15c.,
originally Scottish and northern English, "a sudden flood, especially one
caused by heavy rains or a snowmelt," of unknown origin. Perhaps from Old
French espoit "flood," from Dutch spuiten "to
flow, spout;" related to spout (v.). Figurative sense of "unusual
quantity" is attested from 1610s.
late 14c., the
Hebrew word shibboleth, meaning "flood, stream," also
"ear of corn;" in Judges xii.4-6. It was the password used by the
Gileadites to distinguish their own men from fleeing Ephraimites, because
Ephraimites could not pronounce the -sh- sound. Hence the figurative
sense of "watchword" (first recorded 1630s), which evolved by 1862 to
"outmoded slogan still adhered to." A similar test-word was cicera
"chick pease," used by the Italians to identify the French (who could
not pronounce it correctly) during the massacre called the Sicilian Vespers
(1282).
1838,
"counterfeit money, spurious coin," American English, apparently from
a slang word applied (according to some sources first in Ohio in 1827) to a
counterfeiter's apparatus.
One bogus
or machine impressing dies on the coin, with a number of dies, engraving tools,
bank bill paper, spurious coin, &c. &c. making in all a large wagon
load, was taken into possession by the attorney general of Lower Canada.
[Niles' Register, Sept. 7, 1833, quoting from Concord, New Hampshire,
"Statesman," Aug. 24]
Some trace this
to tantrabobus, also tantrabogus, a late 18c. colloquial Vermont
word for any odd-looking object, in later 19c. use "the devil," which
might be connected to tantarabobs, recorded as a Devonshire name for the
devil. Others trace it to the same source as bogey (n.1).
1650s, "to
make real, to give substance to," from Modern Latin substantiatus,
past participle of substantiare, from Latin substantia
"being, essence, material" (see substance). Meaning "to demonstrate or
prove" is attested from 1803. Related: Substantiated; substantiating.
substantiation (n.)
substantiation (n.)
1760,
"embodiment;" 1832, "the making good of a statement, the act of
proving," noun of action from substantiate.
unsubstantiated (adj.)
unsubstantiated (adj.)
1775, from un- (1) "not" + past participle of substantiate (v.).
late 14c., from
Old French nutritif and directly from Medieval Latin nutritivus
"nourishing," from past participle stem of Latin nutrire
"to nourish" (see nourish).
1769, from Latin raucus
"hoarse" (also source of French rauque, Spanish ronco,
Italian rauco), related to ravus "hoarse," from PIE
echoic base *reu- "make hoarse cries" (source also of Sanskrit
rayati "barks," ravati "roars;" Greek oryesthai
"to howl, roar;" Latin racco "a roar;" Old Church
Slavonic rjevo "I roar;" Lithuanian rekti
"roar;" Old English rarian "to wail, bellow").
Middle English had rauc in the same sense, from the same source.
WEEK42
"state of
perplexity," 1570s, of unknown origin, perhaps a quasi-Latinism based on
Latin quando "when? at what time?; at the time that,
inasmuch," pronominal adverb of time, related to qui
"who" (see who). Originally accented on the second
syllable.
c. 1400,
"hardened," in the physical sense, from Latin callosus
"thick-skinned," from callus, callum "hard
skin" (see callus). The figurative sense of
"unfeeling" appeared in English by 1670s. Related: Callously; callousness.
callosal (adj.)
callosal (adj.)
late 14c.,
"advantageous, fit, proper to a purpose," from Old French expedient
"useful, beneficial" (14c.) or directly from Latin expedientem
(nominative expediens) "beneficial," present participle of expedire
"make fit or ready, prepare" (see expedite). The noun meaning "a device adopted
in an exigency, that which serves to advance a desired result" is from
1650s. Related: Expediential; expedientially (both 19c.).
Expedient, contrivance, and device
indicate artificial means of escape from difficulty or embarrassment; resource
indicates natural means or something possessed; resort and shift
may indicate either. [Century Dictionary]
expediently (adv.)
expediently (adv.)
mid-15c.,
"advantage, benefit," from Old French expedience, from Late
Latin expedientia, from expedientem (see expedient). From "that which is
expedient," the sense tends toward "utilitarian wisdom." Meaning
"quality of being expedient" is from 1610s. Related: Expediency
(1610s).
inexpedient (adj.)
inexpedient (adj.)
"not
suitable to the purpose or circumstances," c. 1600, from in- (1) "not, opposite of" + expedient. Related: Inexpedience; inexpediently.
"capable of
being neglected," 1819, from negligence + -ible. Related: Negligibly; negligibility.
"bored from
overindulgence," 1819, from French blasé, past participle of blaser
"to satiate" (17c.), which is of unknown origin. Perhaps from Dutch blazen
"to blow" (related to English blast), with a sense of "puffed up under
the effects of drinking."
1660s as a French
word in English; nativized by 1758; from French ennui, from Old French enui
"annoyance" (13c.), back-formation from enuier (see annoy). Hence ennuyé (adj.)
"afflicted with ennui," and thence ennuyée (n.) for a woman so
afflicted.
So far as
frequency of use is concerned, the word might be regarded as fully naturalized;
but the pronunciation has not been anglicized, there being in fact no Eng.
analogy which could serve as a guide. [OED]
"beautiful,
handsome," c. 1400, probably from Old English cymlic "lovely,
splendid, finely made," from cyme "exquisite, glorious,
delicate," from West Germanic *kumi- "delicate, feeble"
(source also of Old High German chumo "with difficulty," chumig
"weak, delicate;" German kaum "hardly, scarcely").
Or perhaps the modern word is from Middle English bicumelic (c. 1200)
"suitable, exquisite," literally "becomely" (compare becoming).
uncomely (adj.)
uncomely (adj.)
late 14c., frenetik,
"temporarily deranged, delirious, crazed," from Old French frenetike
"mad, crazy" (13c.), from Latin phreneticus
"delirious," alteration of Greek phrenitikos, from phrenitis
"frenzy," literally "inflammation of the brain," from phren
"mind, reason," also "diaphragm" (see phreno-) + -itis "inflammation." The classical ph-
sometimes was restored from mid-16c. (see phrenetic). Related: Frenetical; frenetically.
Compare frantic.
1530s,
"workmanship, the making of anything by craft or skill," from Middle
French artifice "skill, cunning" (14c.), from Latin artificium
"a profession, trade, employment, craft; making by art," from artifex
(genitive artificis) "craftsman, artist," from stem of ars
"art" (see art (n.)) + facere "to make,
do" (see factitious). Meaning "device, trick" (the
usual modern sense) is from 1650s.
artificer (n.)
artificer (n.)
late 14c.,
"one who makes by art or skill," agent noun from artifice. Military sense dates from 1758.
artificial (adj.)
artificial (adj.)
late 14c., in the
phrase artificial day "part of the day from sunrise to
sunset," from Old French artificial, from Latin artificialis
"of or belonging to art," from artificium (see artifice). Meaning "made by man"
(opposite of natural) is from early 15c. Applied to things that are not
natural, whether real (artificial light) or not (artificial flowers).
Artificial insemination dates from 1897. Artificial intelligence
"the science and engineering of making intelligent machines" was
coined in 1956.
mid-14c.,
"quality of being diverse," mostly in a neutral sense, from Old
French diversité (12c.) "difference, diversity, unique feature,
oddness:" also "wickedness, perversity," from Latin diversitatem
(nominative diversitas) "contrariety, contradiction,
disagreement;" also, as a secondary sense, "difference,
diversity," from diversus "turned different ways" (in
Late Latin "various"), past participle of divertere (see divert).
Negative meaning, "being contrary to what is agreeable or right; perversity, evil" existed in English from late 15c. but was obsolete from 17c. Diversity as a virtue in a nation is an idea from the rise of modern democracies in the 1790s, where it kept one faction from arrogating all power (but this was not quite the modern sense, as ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, etc. were not the qualities in mind):
Negative meaning, "being contrary to what is agreeable or right; perversity, evil" existed in English from late 15c. but was obsolete from 17c. Diversity as a virtue in a nation is an idea from the rise of modern democracies in the 1790s, where it kept one faction from arrogating all power (but this was not quite the modern sense, as ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, etc. were not the qualities in mind):
The dissimilarity
in the ingredients which will compose the national government, and still more
in the manner in which they will be brought into action in its various
branches, must form a powerful obstacle to a concert of views in any partial
scheme of elections. There is sufficient diversity in the state of property, in
the genius, manners, and habits of the people of the different parts of the
Union, to occasion a material diversity of disposition in their representatives
towards the different ranks and conditions in society. ["The
Federalist," No. 60, Feb. 26, 1788 (Hamilton)]
Old English cwealm
(West Saxon) "death, murder, slaughter; disaster; plague; torment," utcualm
(Anglian) "utter destruction," probably related to cwellan
"to kill, murder, execute," cwelan "to die" (see quell). Sense softened to "feeling of
faintness" 1520s; figurative meaning "uneasiness, doubt" is from
1550s; that of "scruple of conscience" is 1640s.
Evidence of a direct path from the Old English to the modern senses is wanting, but it is plausible, via the notion of "fit of sickness." The other suggested etymology, less satisfying, is to take the "fit of uneasiness" sense from Dutch kwalm "steam, vapor, mist" (cognate with German Qualm "smoke, vapor, stupor"), which also might be ultimately from the same Germanic root as quell.
Evidence of a direct path from the Old English to the modern senses is wanting, but it is plausible, via the notion of "fit of sickness." The other suggested etymology, less satisfying, is to take the "fit of uneasiness" sense from Dutch kwalm "steam, vapor, mist" (cognate with German Qualm "smoke, vapor, stupor"), which also might be ultimately from the same Germanic root as quell.
1620s, "to
purge" (in anatomy), back-formation from expurgation or from Latin expurgatus, past
participle of expurgare "to cleanse out, purge, purify."
Related: Expurgated; expurgating. The earlier verb was simply expurge
(late 15c.), from Middle French expurger. Meaning "remove
(something offensive or erroneous) from" is from 1670s.
unexpurgated (adj.)
unexpurgated (adj.)
mid-14c., from be- + Middle English grucchen "to
murmur" (see grudge). Related: Begrudged; begrudging;
begrudgingly.
1580s,
"unskillful," from art (n.) + -less. Later also "uncultured"
(1590s); then "unartificial, natural" (1670s) and "guileless,
ingenuous" (1714). Related: Artlessly; artlessness.
1520s,
"graciousness," from French gratuité (14c.) or directly from
Medieval Latin gratuitatem (nominative gratuitas) "free
gift," probably from Latin gratuitus "free, freely given"
(see gratuitous). Meaning "money given for favor or
services" is first attested 1530s.
late 14c.,
"to spread" (one's fame), "to show plainly," from manifest (adj.) or else from Latin manifestare
"to discover, disclose, betray" (see manifest (adj.)). Meaning "to display by
actions" is from 1560s; reflexive sense, of diseases, etc., "to
reveal as in operation" is from 1808. Related: Manifested; manifesting.
manifest (n.)
manifest (n.)
"ship's
cargo," 1706; see manifest (adj.). Earlier, "a public
declaration" (c. 1600; compare manifesto), from French manifeste, verbal
noun from manifester. Earlier still in English as "a
manifestation" (1560s).
manifest (adj.)
manifest (adj.)
late 14c.,
"clearly revealed," from Old French manifest "evident,
palpable," (12c.), or directly from Latin manifestus "plainly
apprehensible, clear, apparent, evident;" of offenses, "proved by
direct evidence;" of offenders, "caught in the act," probably
from manus "hand" (see manual) + -festus "struck"
(compare second element of infest).
Other nations
have tried to check ... the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread
the Continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly
multiplying millions. [John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), "U.S. Magazine &
Democratic Review," July 1845]
The phrase
apparently is O'Sullivan's coinage; the notion is as old as the republic.
manifestation (n.)
manifestation (n.)
early 15c.,
"action of manifesting; exhibition, demonstration," from Late Latin manifestationem
(nominative manifestatio), noun of action from past participle stem of
Latin manifestare (see manifest (adj.)). Meaning "an object, action,
or presence by which something is made manifest" is from 1785. The
spiritualism sense is attested from 1853.
Old English delfan
"to dig" (class III strong verb; past tense dealf, past
participle dolfen), common West Germanic verb (cognates: Old Saxon delban,
Dutch delven, Middle High German telben "to dig"), from
PIE root *dhelbh- (source also of Lithuanian delba
"crowbar," Russian dolbit', Czech dlabati, Polish dłubać
"to chisel;" Russian dolotó, Czech dlato, Polish dłuto
"chisel"). Weak inflections emerged 14c.-16c. Related: Delved;
delving.
1590s, from
French capricieux "whimsical" (16c.), from Italian capriccioso,
from capriccio (see caprice). Related: Capriciously; capriciousness
mid-15c., from
Latin requisitus, past participle of requirere (see require). As a noun from c. 1600.
mid-14c., from
Old French repleniss-, extended present participle stem of replenir
"to fill up," from re-, here probably an intensive prefix, + -plenir,
from Latin plenus "full" (see plenary). Related: Replanished; replenishing.
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