de- down. decrease, depreciate, deactivate.
ten- to hold. tenable, tenacious, tenancy.
ob-/op- toward, against. obstacle, opponent, opposite.
ab- away. abrupt, abrogation, abnormal.
※Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall (Latin: Vallum Aelium), also called the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or Vallum Hadriani in Latin, was a defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia, begun in 122 AD in the reign of the emperor Hadrian. It ran from the banks of the River Tyne near the North Sea to the Solway Firth on the Irish Sea, and was the northern limit of the Roman Empire, immediately north of which were the lands of the northern Ancient Britons, including the Picts.
※Les Misérables
Les Misérables is a 2012 British-American musical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and scripted by William Nicholson, Alain Boublil, Claude-Michel Schönberg, and Herbert Kretzmer, based on the musical of the same name by Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg which is in turn based on the 1862 French novel by Victor Hugo. The film is a British and American venture produced by Relativity Media, Working Title Films and Cameron Mackintosh Ltd. and distributed by Universal Pictures. The film stars an ensemble cast led by Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, and Amanda Seyfried.
※John Locke
John Locke FRS was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.
※Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights. The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson, working with General Lafayette, who introduced it. Influenced also by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by law. It is included in the preamble of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired in part by the American Revolution, and also by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide.
※Natural and legal rights
Natural and legal rights are two types of rights. Legal rights are those bestowed onto a person by a given legal system (i.e., rights that can be modified, repealed, and restrained by human laws). Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable (i.e., rights that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws).
※Vincent Willem van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, still lifes, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterised by bold colours and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art. His suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty.
※Vocabulary Journal
WEEK46
early 15c.,
"to inform, to give assurance," from Anglo-French acerteiner,
Old French acertener "to assure, certify" (13c.), from a
"to" (see ad-) + certain "sure,
assured" (see certain). Modern meaning of "find out for
sure by experiment or investigation" is first attested 1794. Related: Ascertained;
ascertaining.
late 14c.,
"fixed in place," from Old French dormant (12c.), present
participle of dormir "to sleep," from Latin dormire
"to sleep," from PIE root *drem- "to sleep" (source
also of Old Church Slavonic dremati "to sleep, doze," Greek edrathon
"I slept," Sanskrit drati "sleeps"). Meaning
"in a resting situation" (in heraldry) is from c. 1500. Meaning
"sleeping' is from 1620s.
1590s, originally
"window of a sleeping room," from Middle French dormeor
"sleeping room," from dormir "to sleep" (see dormant).
mid-15c., from
Latin dormitorium "sleeping place," from dormire
"to sleep" (see dormant). Old English had slæpern
"dormitory," with ending as in barn.
early 14c.,
"grow, sprout, blossom," from Anglo-French burjuner, Old
French borjoner "to bud, sprout," from borjon "a
bud, shoot, pimple" (Modern French bourgeon), of uncertain origin.
Perhaps from Vulgar Latin *burrionem (nominative *burrio), from
Late Latin burra "flock of wool," itself of uncertain origin.
Some sources (Kitchin, Gamillscheg) say either the French word or the Vulgar
Latin one is from Germanic. The English verb is perhaps instead a native
development from burjoin (n.) "a bud" (c. 1300), from Old
French. Related: Burgeoned; burgeoning.
c. 1400, from Old
French potentat and directly from Late Latin potentatus "a
ruler," also "political power," from Latin potentatus
"might, power, rule, dominion," from potentem (nominative potens)
"powerful" (see potent).
c. 1600, from
Latin disseminatus, past participle of disseminare "to
spread abroad, disseminate," from dis- "in every
direction" (see dis-) + seminare "to plant,
propagate," from semen (genitive seminis) "seed"
(see semen). Related: Disseminated; disseminates;
disseminating. Middle English had dissemen "to scatter"
(early 15c.).
1640s, from Latin
disseminationem (nominative disseminatio) "a scattering of
seed, a sowing," noun of action from past participle stem of disseminare
(see disseminate). Or perhaps a native noun formation from
disseminate.
late 14c., from
Old French deriver "to flow, pour out; derive, originate,"
from Latin derivare "to lead or draw off (a stream of water) from
its source" (in Late Latin also "to derive"), from phrase de
rivo (de "from" + rivus "stream;" see rivulet). Etymological sense is 1550s. Related: Derived;
deriving.
"special
right or privilege granted to someone," late 14c. (in Anglo-Latin from
late 13c.), from Old French prerogative (14c.), Medieval Latin prerogativa
"special right," from Latin praerogativa "prerogative,
previous choice or election," originally (with tribus, centuria)
"unit of 100 voters who by lot voted first in the Roman comita," noun
use of fem. of praerogativus (adj.) "chosen to vote first,"
from praerogere "ask before others," from prae
"before" (see pre-) + rogare "to ask, ask a
favor" (see rogation).
"favoritism
shown to relatives, especially in appointment to high office," 1660s, from
French népotisme (1650s), from Italian nepotismo, from nepote
"nephew," from Latin nepotem (nominative nepos)
"grandson, nephew" (see nephew). Originally, practice of granting
privileges to a pope's "nephew" which was a euphemism for his natural
son.
mid-13c., derthe
"scarcity" (originally used of famines, when food was costly because
scarce; extended to other situations of scarcity from early 14c.), abstract
noun formed from root of Old English deore "precious, costly"
(see dear) + abstract noun suffix -th (2). Common Germanic formation, though
not always with the same sense (cognates: Old Saxon diurtha
"splendor, glory, love," Middle Dutch dierte, Dutch duurte,
Old High German tiurida "glory").
1660s,
"deadly, destructive," from Latin internecinus "very
deadly, murderous, destructive," from internecare "kill or
destroy," from inter (see inter-) + necare "kill" (see noxious).
Considered by OED as misinterpreted in Johnson's Dictionary [1755], which defined it as "endeavouring mutual destruction," but a notion of "mutually destructive" has been imported into the word in English because in English inter- usually conveys the idea of "mutual." The Latin prefix is said to have had here only an intensive sense; "the Latin word meant merely of or to extermination ... without implying that of both parties" [Fowler].
Considered by OED as misinterpreted in Johnson's Dictionary [1755], which defined it as "endeavouring mutual destruction," but a notion of "mutually destructive" has been imported into the word in English because in English inter- usually conveys the idea of "mutual." The Latin prefix is said to have had here only an intensive sense; "the Latin word meant merely of or to extermination ... without implying that of both parties" [Fowler].
1610s, from
Medieval Latin tyro, variant of Latin tiro (plural tirones)
"young soldier, recruit, beginner," of unknown origin.
"specious
but fallacious reasoning," mid-14c., from Old French sophistrie
(Modern French sophisterie), from Medieval Latin sophistria, from
Latin sophista, sophistes (see sophist). "Sophistry applies to
reasoning as sophism to a single argument" [Century Dictionary].
word-forming element making nouns of
action from verbs, from Latin -factionem (nominative -factio),
from facere "to make" (see factitious).
1640s, "made
by or resulting from art, artificial," from Latin facticius/factitius
"artificial," from factus "elaborate, artistic,"
past participle adjective from facere "to make, do; perform; bring
about; endure, suffer; behave; suit, be of service" (source of French faire,
Spanish hacer), from PIE root *dhe- "to put, to set, to
do" (source also of Sanskrit dadhati "puts, places;"
Avestan dadaiti "he puts;" Old Persian ada "he
made;" Hittite dai- "to place;" Greek tithenai
"to put, set, place;" Lithuanian deti "to put;"
Polish dziać się "to be happening;" Russian delat'
"to do;" Old High German tuon, German tun, Old Saxon,
Old English don "to do;" Old Frisian dua, Old Swedish duon,
Gothic gadeths "a doing;" Old Norse dalidun "they
did"). Related: Factitiously; factitiousness.
"discriminating
expression of approval," 1580s, from Late Latin encomium, from
Greek enkomion (epos) "laudatory (ode), eulogy," from en
"in" (see en- (2)) + komos "banquet,
procession, merrymaking" (see comedy).
c. 1600, from
Greek enkomiastes "one who praises," from enkomiazein,
from enkomion (see encomium). Related: Encomiastic (1590s).
mid-15c.,
"evil speaking," from Late Latin obloquium "speaking
against, contradiction," from Latin obloqui "to speak against,
contradict," from ob "against" (see ob-) + loqui "to speak,"
from PIE *tolk(w)- "to speak" (see locution). Related: Obloquious.
"obvious
exaggeration in rhetoric," early 15c., from Latin hyperbole, from
Greek hyperbole "exaggeration, extravagance," literally
"a throwing beyond," from hyper- "beyond" (see hyper-) + bole "a throwing, a
casting, the stroke of a missile, bolt, beam," from bol-,
nominative stem of ballein "to throw" (see ballistics). Rhetorical sense is found in Aristotle
and Isocrates. Greek had a verb, hyperballein, "to throw over or
beyond."
1580s,
back-formation from munificence, or else from Latin munificent-,
stem of munificus "bountiful, liberal, generous," literally
"present-making," from munus "gift or service; function,
task, duty, office" (see municipal). Latin munificare meant "to
enrich."
late 14c.,
"divergence from a right course, transgression," from Old French prevaricacion
"breaking of God's laws, disobedience (to the Faith)" (12c., Modern
French prévarication) and directly from Latin praevaricationem
(nominative praevaricatio) "duplicity, collusion, a stepping out of
line (of duty or behavior)," noun of action from past participle stem of praevaricari
"to make a sham accusation, deviate," literally "walk
crookedly," in Church Latin, "to transgress," from prae
"before" (see pre-) + varicare "to
straddle," from varicus "straddling," from varus
"bowlegged, knock-kneed" (see varus). Meaning "evasion, quibbling"
is attested from 1650s.
1580s, "to
transgress," a back formation from prevarication, or else from
Latin praevaricatus, past participle of praevaricari "to
make a sham accusation, deviate," literally "walk crookedly;" in
Church Latin, "to transgress" (see prevarication). Meaning "to speak evasively"
is from 1630s. Related: Prevaricated; prevaricating.
"gift of
leadership, power of authority," c. 1930, from German, used in this sense
by Max Weber (1864-1920) in "Wirtschaft u. Gesellschaft"
(1922), from Greek kharisma "favor, divine gift," from kharizesthai
"to show favor to," from kharis "grace, beauty,
kindness" (Charis was the name of one of the three attendants of
Aphrodite) related to khairein "to rejoice at," from PIE root *gher-
(5) "to desire, like" (see hortatory). More mundane sense of "personal
charm" recorded by 1959.
Earlier, the word had been used in English with a sense of "grace, talent from God" (1875), directly from Latinized Greek; and in the form charism (plural charismata) it is attested with this sense in English from 1640s. Middle English, meanwhile, had karisme "spiritual gift, divine grace" (c. 1500).
Earlier, the word had been used in English with a sense of "grace, talent from God" (1875), directly from Latinized Greek; and in the form charism (plural charismata) it is attested with this sense in English from 1640s. Middle English, meanwhile, had karisme "spiritual gift, divine grace" (c. 1500).
1851, in Bible
commentary and theology, in reference to the operation of the Holy Spirit and
prophetic ecstasy in the early Church (from the use of Greek kharismata
in Romans xii), from Latin stem of charisma + -ic. As a movement in modern Christian
churches which believes in divine gifts of healing, etc., attested by 1936,
reflecting the older sense of charisma.
1944, apparently
coined by Polish-born U.S. jurist Raphael Lemkin (1900-1959) in his work
"Axis Rule in Occupied Europe" [p.19], in reference to Nazi
extermination of Jews, literally "killing a tribe," from Greek genos
"race, kind" (see genus) + -cide. The proper formation would be *genticide.
Generally
speaking, genocide does not necessarily mean the immediate destruction of a
nation, except when accomplished by mass killings of all members of a nation.
It is intended rather to signify a coordinated plan of different actions aimed
at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups,
with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves. [Lemkin]
Earlier in a
similar sense was populicide (1799), from French populicide, by
1792, a word from the Revolution. This was taken into German, as in Völkermeuchelnden
"genocidal" (Heine), which was Englished 1893 as folk-murdering.
Ethnocide is attested from 1974 in English (1970 in French).
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