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week 1(day off)
week 18 (Final)
2017年1月8日 星期日
01/05/2016 English Vocabulary and Etymology (week17)
※Prefix
de- down. decrease, depreciate, deactivate.
ten- to hold. tenable, tenacious, tenancy.
ob-/op- toward, against. obstacle, opponent, opposite.
ab- away. abrupt, abrogation, abnormal.
※Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall (Latin: Vallum Aelium), also called the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or Vallum Hadriani in Latin, was a defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia, begun in 122 AD in the reign of the emperor Hadrian. It ran from the banks of the River Tyne near the North Sea to the Solway Firth on the Irish Sea, and was the northern limit of the Roman Empire, immediately north of which were the lands of the northern Ancient Britons, including the Picts.
※Les Misérables
Les Misérables is a 2012 British-American musical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and scripted by William Nicholson, Alain Boublil, Claude-Michel Schönberg, and Herbert Kretzmer, based on the musical of the same name by Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg which is in turn based on the 1862 French novel by Victor Hugo. The film is a British and American venture produced by Relativity Media, Working Title Films and Cameron Mackintosh Ltd. and distributed by Universal Pictures. The film stars an ensemble cast led by Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, and Amanda Seyfried.
※John Locke
John Locke FRS was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.
※Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights. The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson, working with General Lafayette, who introduced it. Influenced also by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by law. It is included in the preamble of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired in part by the American Revolution, and also by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide.
※Natural and legal rights
Natural and legal rights are two types of rights. Legal rights are those bestowed onto a person by a given legal system (i.e., rights that can be modified, repealed, and restrained by human laws). Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable (i.e., rights that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws).
※Vincent Willem van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, still lifes, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterised by bold colours and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art. His suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty.
WEEK46
de- down. decrease, depreciate, deactivate.
ten- to hold. tenable, tenacious, tenancy.
ob-/op- toward, against. obstacle, opponent, opposite.
ab- away. abrupt, abrogation, abnormal.
※Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall (Latin: Vallum Aelium), also called the Roman Wall, Picts' Wall, or Vallum Hadriani in Latin, was a defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia, begun in 122 AD in the reign of the emperor Hadrian. It ran from the banks of the River Tyne near the North Sea to the Solway Firth on the Irish Sea, and was the northern limit of the Roman Empire, immediately north of which were the lands of the northern Ancient Britons, including the Picts.
※Les Misérables
Les Misérables is a 2012 British-American musical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and scripted by William Nicholson, Alain Boublil, Claude-Michel Schönberg, and Herbert Kretzmer, based on the musical of the same name by Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg which is in turn based on the 1862 French novel by Victor Hugo. The film is a British and American venture produced by Relativity Media, Working Title Films and Cameron Mackintosh Ltd. and distributed by Universal Pictures. The film stars an ensemble cast led by Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, and Amanda Seyfried.
※John Locke
John Locke FRS was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.
※Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights. The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson, working with General Lafayette, who introduced it. Influenced also by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by law. It is included in the preamble of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired in part by the American Revolution, and also by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide.
※Natural and legal rights
Natural and legal rights are two types of rights. Legal rights are those bestowed onto a person by a given legal system (i.e., rights that can be modified, repealed, and restrained by human laws). Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable (i.e., rights that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws).
※Vincent Willem van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, still lifes, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterised by bold colours and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art. His suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty.
※Vocabulary Journal
WEEK46
early 15c.,
"to inform, to give assurance," from Anglo-French acerteiner,
Old French acertener "to assure, certify" (13c.), from a
"to" (see ad-) + certain "sure,
assured" (see certain). Modern meaning of "find out for
sure by experiment or investigation" is first attested 1794. Related: Ascertained;
ascertaining.
late 14c.,
"fixed in place," from Old French dormant (12c.), present
participle of dormir "to sleep," from Latin dormire
"to sleep," from PIE root *drem- "to sleep" (source
also of Old Church Slavonic dremati "to sleep, doze," Greek edrathon
"I slept," Sanskrit drati "sleeps"). Meaning
"in a resting situation" (in heraldry) is from c. 1500. Meaning
"sleeping' is from 1620s.
1590s, originally
"window of a sleeping room," from Middle French dormeor
"sleeping room," from dormir "to sleep" (see dormant).
mid-15c., from
Latin dormitorium "sleeping place," from dormire
"to sleep" (see dormant). Old English had slæpern
"dormitory," with ending as in barn.
early 14c.,
"grow, sprout, blossom," from Anglo-French burjuner, Old
French borjoner "to bud, sprout," from borjon "a
bud, shoot, pimple" (Modern French bourgeon), of uncertain origin.
Perhaps from Vulgar Latin *burrionem (nominative *burrio), from
Late Latin burra "flock of wool," itself of uncertain origin.
Some sources (Kitchin, Gamillscheg) say either the French word or the Vulgar
Latin one is from Germanic. The English verb is perhaps instead a native
development from burjoin (n.) "a bud" (c. 1300), from Old
French. Related: Burgeoned; burgeoning.
c. 1400, from Old
French potentat and directly from Late Latin potentatus "a
ruler," also "political power," from Latin potentatus
"might, power, rule, dominion," from potentem (nominative potens)
"powerful" (see potent).
c. 1600, from
Latin disseminatus, past participle of disseminare "to
spread abroad, disseminate," from dis- "in every
direction" (see dis-) + seminare "to plant,
propagate," from semen (genitive seminis) "seed"
(see semen). Related: Disseminated; disseminates;
disseminating. Middle English had dissemen "to scatter"
(early 15c.).
1640s, from Latin
disseminationem (nominative disseminatio) "a scattering of
seed, a sowing," noun of action from past participle stem of disseminare
(see disseminate). Or perhaps a native noun formation from
disseminate.
late 14c., from
Old French deriver "to flow, pour out; derive, originate,"
from Latin derivare "to lead or draw off (a stream of water) from
its source" (in Late Latin also "to derive"), from phrase de
rivo (de "from" + rivus "stream;" see rivulet). Etymological sense is 1550s. Related: Derived;
deriving.
"special
right or privilege granted to someone," late 14c. (in Anglo-Latin from
late 13c.), from Old French prerogative (14c.), Medieval Latin prerogativa
"special right," from Latin praerogativa "prerogative,
previous choice or election," originally (with tribus, centuria)
"unit of 100 voters who by lot voted first in the Roman comita," noun
use of fem. of praerogativus (adj.) "chosen to vote first,"
from praerogere "ask before others," from prae
"before" (see pre-) + rogare "to ask, ask a
favor" (see rogation).
"favoritism
shown to relatives, especially in appointment to high office," 1660s, from
French népotisme (1650s), from Italian nepotismo, from nepote
"nephew," from Latin nepotem (nominative nepos)
"grandson, nephew" (see nephew). Originally, practice of granting
privileges to a pope's "nephew" which was a euphemism for his natural
son.
mid-13c., derthe
"scarcity" (originally used of famines, when food was costly because
scarce; extended to other situations of scarcity from early 14c.), abstract
noun formed from root of Old English deore "precious, costly"
(see dear) + abstract noun suffix -th (2). Common Germanic formation, though
not always with the same sense (cognates: Old Saxon diurtha
"splendor, glory, love," Middle Dutch dierte, Dutch duurte,
Old High German tiurida "glory").
1660s,
"deadly, destructive," from Latin internecinus "very
deadly, murderous, destructive," from internecare "kill or
destroy," from inter (see inter-) + necare "kill" (see noxious).
Considered by OED as misinterpreted in Johnson's Dictionary [1755], which defined it as "endeavouring mutual destruction," but a notion of "mutually destructive" has been imported into the word in English because in English inter- usually conveys the idea of "mutual." The Latin prefix is said to have had here only an intensive sense; "the Latin word meant merely of or to extermination ... without implying that of both parties" [Fowler].
Considered by OED as misinterpreted in Johnson's Dictionary [1755], which defined it as "endeavouring mutual destruction," but a notion of "mutually destructive" has been imported into the word in English because in English inter- usually conveys the idea of "mutual." The Latin prefix is said to have had here only an intensive sense; "the Latin word meant merely of or to extermination ... without implying that of both parties" [Fowler].
1610s, from
Medieval Latin tyro, variant of Latin tiro (plural tirones)
"young soldier, recruit, beginner," of unknown origin.
"specious
but fallacious reasoning," mid-14c., from Old French sophistrie
(Modern French sophisterie), from Medieval Latin sophistria, from
Latin sophista, sophistes (see sophist). "Sophistry applies to
reasoning as sophism to a single argument" [Century Dictionary].
word-forming element making nouns of
action from verbs, from Latin -factionem (nominative -factio),
from facere "to make" (see factitious).
1640s, "made
by or resulting from art, artificial," from Latin facticius/factitius
"artificial," from factus "elaborate, artistic,"
past participle adjective from facere "to make, do; perform; bring
about; endure, suffer; behave; suit, be of service" (source of French faire,
Spanish hacer), from PIE root *dhe- "to put, to set, to
do" (source also of Sanskrit dadhati "puts, places;"
Avestan dadaiti "he puts;" Old Persian ada "he
made;" Hittite dai- "to place;" Greek tithenai
"to put, set, place;" Lithuanian deti "to put;"
Polish dziać się "to be happening;" Russian delat'
"to do;" Old High German tuon, German tun, Old Saxon,
Old English don "to do;" Old Frisian dua, Old Swedish duon,
Gothic gadeths "a doing;" Old Norse dalidun "they
did"). Related: Factitiously; factitiousness.
"discriminating
expression of approval," 1580s, from Late Latin encomium, from
Greek enkomion (epos) "laudatory (ode), eulogy," from en
"in" (see en- (2)) + komos "banquet,
procession, merrymaking" (see comedy).
c. 1600, from
Greek enkomiastes "one who praises," from enkomiazein,
from enkomion (see encomium). Related: Encomiastic (1590s).
mid-15c.,
"evil speaking," from Late Latin obloquium "speaking
against, contradiction," from Latin obloqui "to speak against,
contradict," from ob "against" (see ob-) + loqui "to speak,"
from PIE *tolk(w)- "to speak" (see locution). Related: Obloquious.
"obvious
exaggeration in rhetoric," early 15c., from Latin hyperbole, from
Greek hyperbole "exaggeration, extravagance," literally
"a throwing beyond," from hyper- "beyond" (see hyper-) + bole "a throwing, a
casting, the stroke of a missile, bolt, beam," from bol-,
nominative stem of ballein "to throw" (see ballistics). Rhetorical sense is found in Aristotle
and Isocrates. Greek had a verb, hyperballein, "to throw over or
beyond."
1580s,
back-formation from munificence, or else from Latin munificent-,
stem of munificus "bountiful, liberal, generous," literally
"present-making," from munus "gift or service; function,
task, duty, office" (see municipal). Latin munificare meant "to
enrich."
late 14c.,
"divergence from a right course, transgression," from Old French prevaricacion
"breaking of God's laws, disobedience (to the Faith)" (12c., Modern
French prévarication) and directly from Latin praevaricationem
(nominative praevaricatio) "duplicity, collusion, a stepping out of
line (of duty or behavior)," noun of action from past participle stem of praevaricari
"to make a sham accusation, deviate," literally "walk
crookedly," in Church Latin, "to transgress," from prae
"before" (see pre-) + varicare "to
straddle," from varicus "straddling," from varus
"bowlegged, knock-kneed" (see varus). Meaning "evasion, quibbling"
is attested from 1650s.
1580s, "to
transgress," a back formation from prevarication, or else from
Latin praevaricatus, past participle of praevaricari "to
make a sham accusation, deviate," literally "walk crookedly;" in
Church Latin, "to transgress" (see prevarication). Meaning "to speak evasively"
is from 1630s. Related: Prevaricated; prevaricating.
"gift of
leadership, power of authority," c. 1930, from German, used in this sense
by Max Weber (1864-1920) in "Wirtschaft u. Gesellschaft"
(1922), from Greek kharisma "favor, divine gift," from kharizesthai
"to show favor to," from kharis "grace, beauty,
kindness" (Charis was the name of one of the three attendants of
Aphrodite) related to khairein "to rejoice at," from PIE root *gher-
(5) "to desire, like" (see hortatory). More mundane sense of "personal
charm" recorded by 1959.
Earlier, the word had been used in English with a sense of "grace, talent from God" (1875), directly from Latinized Greek; and in the form charism (plural charismata) it is attested with this sense in English from 1640s. Middle English, meanwhile, had karisme "spiritual gift, divine grace" (c. 1500).
Earlier, the word had been used in English with a sense of "grace, talent from God" (1875), directly from Latinized Greek; and in the form charism (plural charismata) it is attested with this sense in English from 1640s. Middle English, meanwhile, had karisme "spiritual gift, divine grace" (c. 1500).
1851, in Bible
commentary and theology, in reference to the operation of the Holy Spirit and
prophetic ecstasy in the early Church (from the use of Greek kharismata
in Romans xii), from Latin stem of charisma + -ic. As a movement in modern Christian
churches which believes in divine gifts of healing, etc., attested by 1936,
reflecting the older sense of charisma.
1944, apparently
coined by Polish-born U.S. jurist Raphael Lemkin (1900-1959) in his work
"Axis Rule in Occupied Europe" [p.19], in reference to Nazi
extermination of Jews, literally "killing a tribe," from Greek genos
"race, kind" (see genus) + -cide. The proper formation would be *genticide.
Generally
speaking, genocide does not necessarily mean the immediate destruction of a
nation, except when accomplished by mass killings of all members of a nation.
It is intended rather to signify a coordinated plan of different actions aimed
at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups,
with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves. [Lemkin]
Earlier in a
similar sense was populicide (1799), from French populicide, by
1792, a word from the Revolution. This was taken into German, as in Völkermeuchelnden
"genocidal" (Heine), which was Englished 1893 as folk-murdering.
Ethnocide is attested from 1974 in English (1970 in French).
12/29/2016 English Vocabulary and Etymology (week16)
※Prefix
cap- head. madcap, uncap, capital.
en-/em- near, in, on, within, into. encourage, enlarge, empower
※Definition
atrophy:the process of atrophying or state of having atrophied.
main:chief in size or importance.
canard:an unfounded rumor or story.
excoriate:censure or criticize severely.
sullen:bad-tempered and sulky; gloomy.
livid:furiously angry.
disseminate:spread or disperse (something, especially information) widely.
※Manifest Destiny
※George Eliot
Mary Ann Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880; alternatively "Mary Anne" or "Marian"), known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist, poet, journalist, translator and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Felix Holt, the Radical (1866), Middlemarch (1871–72), and Daniel Deronda (1876), most of which are set in provincial England and known for their realism and psychological insight.
※Jeanie With The Light Brown Hair
I dream of Jeannie with the light brown hair
Borne, like a vapor, on the summer air I see her tripping where the bright streams play Happy as the daisies that dance on her way Many were the wild notes her merry voice would pour Many were the blithe birds that warbled them o'er Oh! I dream of Jeannie with the light brown hair Floating, like a vapor, on the soft, summer air I long for Jeannie with the day dawn smile Radiant in gladness, warm with winning guile I hear her melodies, like joys gone by Sighing round my heart o'er the fond hopes that die Sighing like the night wind and sobbing like the rain Wailing for the lost one that comes not again Oh! I long for Jeannie, and my heart bows low Never more to find her where the bright waters flow I sigh for Jeannie, but her light form strayed Far from the fond hearts round her native glade Her smiles have vanished and her sweet songs flown Flitting like the dreams that have cheered us and gone Now the nodding wild flow'rs may wither on the shore While her gentle fingers will cull them no more Oh! I sigh for Jeannie with the light brown hair Floating like a vapor, on the soft summer air
※My Old Kentucky Home
※Beautiful Dreamer
WEEK43
WEEK44
cap- head. madcap, uncap, capital.
en-/em- near, in, on, within, into. encourage, enlarge, empower
※Definition
atrophy:the process of atrophying or state of having atrophied.
main:chief in size or importance.
canard:an unfounded rumor or story.
excoriate:censure or criticize severely.
sullen:bad-tempered and sulky; gloomy.
livid:furiously angry.
disseminate:spread or disperse (something, especially information) widely.
prerogative:a right or privilege exclusive to a particular individual or class.
※Manifest Destiny
In the 19th century, manifest destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America. There are three basic themes to manifest destiny:
- The special virtues of the American people and their institutions
- The mission of the United States to redeem and remake the west in the image of agrarian America
- An irresistible destiny to accomplish this essential duty
Historian Frederick Merk says this concept was born out of "a sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven".
※George Eliot
Mary Ann Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880; alternatively "Mary Anne" or "Marian"), known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist, poet, journalist, translator and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Felix Holt, the Radical (1866), Middlemarch (1871–72), and Daniel Deronda (1876), most of which are set in provincial England and known for their realism and psychological insight.
※Jeanie With The Light Brown Hair
I dream of Jeannie with the light brown hair
Borne, like a vapor, on the summer air I see her tripping where the bright streams play Happy as the daisies that dance on her way Many were the wild notes her merry voice would pour Many were the blithe birds that warbled them o'er Oh! I dream of Jeannie with the light brown hair Floating, like a vapor, on the soft, summer air I long for Jeannie with the day dawn smile Radiant in gladness, warm with winning guile I hear her melodies, like joys gone by Sighing round my heart o'er the fond hopes that die Sighing like the night wind and sobbing like the rain Wailing for the lost one that comes not again Oh! I long for Jeannie, and my heart bows low Never more to find her where the bright waters flow I sigh for Jeannie, but her light form strayed Far from the fond hearts round her native glade Her smiles have vanished and her sweet songs flown Flitting like the dreams that have cheered us and gone Now the nodding wild flow'rs may wither on the shore While her gentle fingers will cull them no more Oh! I sigh for Jeannie with the light brown hair Floating like a vapor, on the soft summer air
※My Old Kentucky Home
The sun shines bright on my old Kentucky home
In summer, the people are gay
The corn cobs are ripe and the meadow's in bloom
While the birds make music all day
The young folks roll on the little cabin floor
All merry, all happy and bright
By and by, hard times come knocking at the door
Until my old Kentucky home, good night
Weep no more, my lady
Oh weep no more today
We will sing one song for my old Kentucky home
For my old Kentucky home far away
Beautiful dreamer, wake unto me
starlight and dewdrops are awaiting thee
Sounds of the rude world heard in the day
Led by the moonlight have all passed away
Beautiful dreamer, queen of my song
List while I woo thee with soft melody
Gone are the cares of life's busy throng
Beautiful dreamer awake unto me
Beautiful dreamer awake unto me!
Beautiful dreamer, out on the sea
Mermaids are chanting the wild lorelei
Over the streamlet vapors are borne
Waiting to fade at the bright coming morn
Beautiful dreamer, beam on my heart
E'en as the morn on the streamlet and sea
Then will all clouds of sorrow depart
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
starlight and dewdrops are awaiting thee
Sounds of the rude world heard in the day
Led by the moonlight have all passed away
Beautiful dreamer, queen of my song
List while I woo thee with soft melody
Gone are the cares of life's busy throng
Beautiful dreamer awake unto me
Beautiful dreamer awake unto me!
Beautiful dreamer, out on the sea
Mermaids are chanting the wild lorelei
Over the streamlet vapors are borne
Waiting to fade at the bright coming morn
Beautiful dreamer, beam on my heart
E'en as the morn on the streamlet and sea
Then will all clouds of sorrow depart
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
※Vocabulary Journal
WEEK43
1727, from Dutch rooster
"table, list," originally "gridiron," from Middle Dutch roosten
"to roast" (see roast (v.)). So called from the grid of lines
drawn on a paper to make a list.
"check in
growth, dwarf," 1650s, earlier "bring to an abrupt halt" (c.
1600); "provoke, anger, irritate" (1580s), from obsolete Middle
English adjective stunt "foolish, stupid; obstinate," from Old
English stunt "stupid, foolish" (as in stuntspræc
"foolish talk"), from Proto-Germanic *stuntaz "short,
truncated" (source also of Middle High German stunz "short,
blunt, stumpy," Old Norse stuttr (*stuntr) "scanty,
short"), an adjective which stands in gradational relationship to stint (v.).
The modern sense of the English word is from influence of the Old Norse word. The Middle English adjective is attested from mid-15c. in the sense "of short duration." Related: Stunted; stunting.
The modern sense of the English word is from influence of the Old Norse word. The Middle English adjective is attested from mid-15c. in the sense "of short duration." Related: Stunted; stunting.
1822 (implied in atrophied),
from atrophy (n.). Related: Atrophying.
"a wasting
away through lack of nourishment," 1620s (atrophied is from 1590s),
from French atrophie, from Late Latin atrophia, from Greek atrophia
"a wasting away," abstract noun from atrophos "ill-fed,
un-nourished," from a- "not" + trophe
"nourishment," from trephein "to fatten" (see -trophy).
c. 1300, maimen,
from Old French mahaignier "injure, wound, muitilate, cripple,
disarm," possibly from Vulgar Latin *mahanare (source also of
Provençal mayanhar, Italian magagnare), of unknown origin; or
possibly from a Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *mait- (source of
Old Norse meiða "to hurt," related to mad (adj.)), or from PIE root *mai-
"to cut." Related: Maimed; maiming.
1728, "to
make better," in some cases perhaps a back-formation from amelioration on pattern of French améliorer, or
else from Medieval Latin amelioratus, past participle of ameliorare.
Intransitive sense "grow better" is from 1789. The simpler form meliorate
was used in Middle English. Related: Ameliorated; ameliorating; ameliorable.
"tending to
make better," 1796, from ameliorate + -ive.
mid-16c., in
reference to the ancient philosophy, from Greek kynikos "a follower
of Antisthenes," literally "dog-like," from kyon
(genitive kynos) "dog" (see canine). Supposedly from the sneering sarcasm of
the philosophers, but more likely from Kynosarge "Gray Dog,"
name of the gymnasium outside ancient Athens (for the use of those who were not
pure Athenians) where the founder, Antisthenes (a pupil of Socrates), taught.
Diogenes was the most famous. Popular association even in ancient times was
"dog-like" (Lucian has kyniskos "a little cynic,"
literally "puppy"). Meaning "sneering sarcastic person" is
from 1590s.
1580s,
"resembling Cynic philosophers," from cynic + -al (1). By late 17c. the meaning had shaded
into the general one of "critical, disparaging the motives of others,
captious, sneering, peevish." Related: Cynically.
late 14c.,
"oily, having a greasy or soapy feeling when touched," from Old
French unctueus, from Medieval Latin unctuosus
"greasy," from Latin unctus "act of anointing," from
past participle stem of unguere "to anoint" (see unguent).
Figurative sense of "blandly ingratiating" is first recorded 1742, perhaps in part with a literal sense, but in part a sarcastic usage from unction in the meaning "deep spiritual feeling" (1690s), such as comes from having been anointed in the rite of unction. Related: Unctuously; unctuousness.
Figurative sense of "blandly ingratiating" is first recorded 1742, perhaps in part with a literal sense, but in part a sarcastic usage from unction in the meaning "deep spiritual feeling" (1690s), such as comes from having been anointed in the rite of unction. Related: Unctuously; unctuousness.
mid-15c.,
"wishing to do good, kindly," from Middle French benivolent
and directly from Latin benevolentem (nominative benevolens)
"wishing (someone) well, benevolent," related to benevolentia
"good feeling" (see benevolence). Related: Benevolently.
1630s,
"useful, serviceable," from Latin subservientem (nominative subserviens),
present participle of subservire "assist, serve, come to the help
of, lend support," from sub "under" (see sub-) + servire "serve" (see serve (v.)). The meaning "slavishly
obedient" is first recorded 1794. Related: Subserviently.
1670s, from subservient + -ence. Related: Subserviency (1620s).
c. 1300,
"hostility, malevolence; a hostile action," from Old French iniquité,
iniquiteit "wickedness; unfavorable situation" (12c.), from
Latin iniquitatem (nominative iniquitas) "unequalness,
unevenness," figuratively "unfavorableness, unfairness,
injustice," noun of quality from iniquus "unjust, unequal;
slanting, steep," from in- "not" (see in- (1)) + aequus "just,
equal" (see equal (adj.)).
For the vowel change in the Latin compound, see acquisition. Meaning "evil, wickedness" is from late 14c. Old Iniquity (1610s) was a comic or buffoonish character in old morality plays, representing vice.
For the vowel change in the Latin compound, see acquisition. Meaning "evil, wickedness" is from late 14c. Old Iniquity (1610s) was a comic or buffoonish character in old morality plays, representing vice.
"unjust
wicked," 1670s, from iniquity + -ous. Earlier were iniquous (1650s,
from Latin iniquus) and inique (1520s, from French inique).
Related: Iniquitously; iniquitousness.
also largess,
"willingness to give or spend freely; munificence," c. 1200, from Old
French largesse, largece "a bounty, munificence," from
Vulgar Latin *largitia "abundance" (source also of Spanish largueza,
Italian larghezza), from Latin largus "abundant, large, liberal"
(see large). In medieval theology, "the virtue
whose opposite is avarice, and whose excess is prodigality" ["Middle
English Dictionary"]. For Old French suffix -esse, compare fortress. Related: Largation.
1660s, from
Latinized form of Greek kriterion "means for judging,
standard," from krites "judge," from PIE root *krei-
(see crisis). Used in English as a Greek word from
1610s.
c. 1300, "to
feel such regret for sins or crimes as produces amendment of life," from
Old French repentir (11c.), from re-, here probably an intensive
prefix (see re-), + Vulgar Latin *penitire
"to regret," from Latin poenitire "make sorry," from
poena (see penal). The distinction between regret (q.v.) and repent is made in many
modern languages, but the differentiation is not present in older periods. Also
from c. 1300 in Middle English and after in an impersonal reflexive sense,
especially as (it) repenteth (me, him, etc.).
And it repented
the LORD that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.
[Genesis vi.6, KJV, 1611]
[Genesis vi.6, KJV, 1611]
Related: Repented;
repenting.
early 13c., from
Old French repentant "penitent" (12c.), present participle of repentir
(see repent).
c. 1300, from Old
French repentance "penitence" (12c.), from present participle
stem of repentir (see repent).
Repentance goes beyond feeling to express distinct
purposes of turning from sin to righteousness; the Bible word most often
translated repentance means a change of mental and spiritual attitude
toward sin. [Century Dictionary]
late 14c.,
"to soften (a substance)," from Old French mollifier or
directly from Late Latin mollificare "make soft, mollify" from
mollificus "softening," from Latin mollis
"soft" (from PIE root *mel- (1) "soft;" see mild) + root of facere "to
make" (see factitious). Transferred sense of "soften in
temper, appease, pacify" is recorded from early 15c. Related: Mollified;
mollifying.
1620s, past
participle adjective from mollify.
late 14c., from
Old French mollificacion (Modern French mollification), from
Medieval Latin mollificationem (nominative mollificatio), noun of
action from past participle stem of mollificare (see mollify).
1530s, from mercenary (n.), or in part from Latin mercenarius
"hired, paid, serving for pay."
late 14c.,
"one who works only for hire," from Old French mercenaire
"mercenary, hireling" (13c.) and directly from Latin mercenarius
"one who does anything for pay," literally "hired, paid,"
from merces (genitive mercedis) "pay, reward, wages,"
from merx (see market (n.)).
1610s, from
Portuguese paria or directly from Tamil paraiyar, plural of paraiyan
"drummer" (at festivals, the hereditary duty of members of the
largest of the lower castes of southern India), from parai "large
festival drum." "Especially numerous at Madras, where its members
supplied most of the domestics in European service" [OED]. Applied by
Hindus and Europeans to any members of low Hindu castes and even to outcastes.
Extended meaning "social outcast" is first attested 1819.
1530s, "to
windward," from a- (1) "on" + Middle English loof
"windward direction," probably from Dutch loef (Middle Dutch lof)
"the weather side of a ship" (see luff (n.)). Originally in nautical orders to
keep the ship's head to the wind, thus to stay clear of a lee-shore or some
other quarter; hence "at a distance but within view" (1530s) and,
figuratively, "apart, withdrawn, without community spirit" (with
verbs stand, keep, etc.). As an adjective from c. 1600. Related: Aloofly;
aloofness.
1610s,
"meddlesome, impertinently busy," short for earlier pragmatical, or else from Middle French pragmatique
(15c.), from Latin pragmaticus "skilled in business or law,"
from Greek pragmatikos "fit for business, active, business-like;
systematic," from pragma (genitive pragmatos) "a deed,
act; that which has been done; a thing, matter, affair," especially an
important one; also a euphemism for something bad or disgraceful; in plural,
"circumstances, affairs" (public or private), often in a bad sense,
"trouble," literally "a thing done," from stem of prassein/prattein
"to do, act, perform" (see practical). Meaning "matter-of-fact" is
from 1853. In some later senses from German pragmatisch.
1865,
"officiousness," from pragmatic + -ism. From 1905 as a term in philosophy by
American philosopher C.S. Peirce (1839-1914).
1590s,
"concerned with practical results," from Latin pragmaticus
(see pragmatic) + -al (1). Related: Pragmatically
"matter-of-fact
treatment," 1825, from Greek pragmat-, stem of pragma
"that which has been done" (see pragmatic) + -ism. As a philosophical doctrine, 1898, said
to be from 1870s; probably from German Pragmatismus. As a name for a
political theory, from 1951. Related: Pragmatist (1630s as
"busybody;" 1892 as "adherent of a pragmatic philosophy")
c. 1600, from
French vestige "a mark, trace, sign" (16c.), from Latin vestigium
"footprint, trace," a word of unknown origin.
late 13c.,
"style or fashion of attire," from Old French guise
"manner, fashion, way," from Frankish *wisa or some similar
Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *wison "appearance, form,
manner," from *wissaz (source also of Old High German wisa
"manner, wise"), from PIE root *weid- "to see" (see vision). Sense of "assumed appearance"
is from 1660s, from earlier meaning "mask, disguise" (c. 1500).
"masquerader,
mummer, one who goes from house to house, whimsically disguised, and making
diversion with songs and antics, usually at Christmas," late 15c., agent
noun from guise.
WEEK44
1590s, from Late
Latin nullificare "to esteem lightly, despise," literally
"to make nothing," from Latin nullus "not any" (see null) + root of facere "to
make" (see factitious). Related: Nullified; nullifying.
in U.S. political
sense of "a state's refusing to allow a federal law to be enforced,"
1798, in Thomas Jefferson; from Late Latin nullificationem (nominative nullificatio)
"a making as nothing," from past participle stem of nullificare
(see nullify). Related: Nullificationist.
1590s; see deluge (n.). Related: Deluged; deluging.
late 14c., from
Old French deluge (12c.), earlier deluve, from Latin diluvium
"flood, inundation," from diluere "wash away," from dis-
"away" (see dis-) + -luere, comb. form of lavere
"to wash" (see lave).
c. 1600, from
Middle French carnage (16c.), from Old Italian carnaggio
"slaughter, murder," from Medieval Latin carnaticum
"flesh," from Latin carnaticum "slaughter of
animals," from carnem (nominative caro) "flesh,"
originally "a piece of flesh," from PIE root *(s)ker- (1)
"to cut" (see shear (v.)). In English always used more of
slaughters of men than beasts. Southey (1795) tried to make a verb of it.
1610s, "a
discourse or treatise on an art or the arts," from Greek tekhnologia
"systematic treatment of an art, craft, or technique," originally
referring to grammar, from tekhno- (see techno-) + -logy. The meaning "study of mechanical
and industrial arts" (Century Dictionary, 1902, gives examples of
"spinning, metal-working, or brewing") is first recorded 1859. High
technology attested from 1964; short form high-tech is from 1972.
mid-15c.,
"make an initial statement setting out a plaintiff's case," from libel (n.), which see for sense development.
Meaning "defame or discredit by libelous statements" is from c. 1600.
Related: Libeled; libelled; libeling; libelling; libellant;
libellee.
c. 1300,
"formal written statement, a writing of any kind," especially, in
civil law, "plaintiff's statement of charges" (mid-14c.); from Old
French libelle (fem.) "small book; (legal) charge, claim; writ;
written report" (13c.), from Latin libellus "a little book,
pamphlet; petition, written accusation, complaint," diminutive of liber
"book" (see library). Meaning "false or defamatory
statement" is from 1610s. Specific legal sense of "any published or
written statement likely to harm a person's reputation" is first attested
1630s.
1590s, from
Middle French diffamatoire, Medieval Latin diffamatorius
"tending to defame," from diffamat-, past participle stem of diffamare
(see defame).
Plaintiff
before 1850, from
French canard "a hoax," literally "a duck" (from Old
French quanart, probably echoic of a duck's quack); said by Littré to be
from the phrase vendre un canard à moitié "to half-sell a
duck," thus, from some long-forgotten joke, "to cheat."
1620s, "to
pray against or for deliverance from," from Latin deprecatus, past
participle of deprecari "to pray (something) away" (see deprecation). Meaning "to express
disapproval" is from 1640s. Related: Deprecated, deprecating.
1540s, "held
in repute," past participle adjective from repute (v.). Meaning "supposed to be"
is from 1570s. Related: Reputedly.
late 14c., from
Middle French reputer (late 13c.) or directly from Latin reputare
"to count over, reckon; think over" (see reputation). Related: Reputed; reputing.
mid-14c.,
"morally weak," from Old French fraile, frele
"weak, frail, sickly, infirm" (12c., Modern French frêle),
from Latin fragilis "easily broken" (see fragility). It is the Frenchified form of fragile. Sense of "easily destroyed, liable
to break" in English is from late 14c. The U.S. slang noun meaning "a
woman" is attested from 1908; perhaps with awareness of Shakespeare's
"Frailty, thy name is woman."
early 15c., from
Latin potentem (nominative potens) "powerful," present
participle of *potere "be powerful," from potis
"powerful, able, capable; possible;" of persons, "better,
preferable; chief, principal; strongest, foremost," from PIE root *poti-
"powerful; lord" (source also of Sanskrit patih "master,
husband," Greek posis, Lithuanian patis
"husband"). Meaning "having sexual power" is first recorded
1899.
c. 1400, from Old
French potentat and directly from Late Latin potentatus "a
ruler," also "political power," from Latin potentatus
"might, power, rule, dominion," from potentem (nominative potens)
"powerful" (see potent).
late 14c.,
"possible" (as opposed to actual), from Old French potenciel
and directly from Late Latin potentialis "potential," from
Latin potentia "power, might, force;" figuratively
"political power, authority, influence," from potens
"powerful" (see potent). The noun, meaning "that which is
possible," is first attested 1817, from the adjective.
mid-15c., from
Latin potentia "power," from potentem
"potent" (see potent).
"potency,"
early 15c., from Old French potence "power," from Latin potentia
(see potent).
early 15c., from
Late Latin excoriatus, past participle of excoriare "flay,
strip off the hide," from Latin ex "out, out of, off"
(see ex-) + corium "hide, skin"
(see corium). Figurative sense of "denounce,
censure" first recorded in English 1708. Related: Excoriated; excoriating.
mid-15c., from
Medieval Latin excoriationem (nominative excoriatio), from past
participle stem of Late Latin excoriare (see excoriate).
early 13c., from
Old French devot "pious, devoted, assiduous," from Latin devotus
"given up by vow, devoted," past participle of devovere
"dedicate by vow" (see devotion).
in grammar, late
14c. (also as a noun, "derivative word denoting a small or inferior
example of what is meant by the word it is derived from"), from Old French
diminutif (14c.), from Latin diminutivus, earlier deminutivus,
from past participle stem of deminuere (see diminish).
early 15c.,
"lavish, extravagant," from Latin profusus "spread out,
lavish, extravagant," literally "poured forth," noun use of past
participle of profundere "pour forth," from pro
"forth" (see pro-) + fundere "to pour"
(see found (v.2)). Meaning "bountiful" is
from c. 1600. Related: Profusely; profuseness.
1540s, from
Middle French profusion (16c.) and directly from Late Latin profusionem
(nominative profusio) "a pouring out," noun of action from
past participle stem of profundere (see profuse).
late 14c., from
Old French doucet, diminutive of doux "sweet," earlier dulz,
from Latin dulcis, from PIE *dlk-wi-, suffixed form of root *dlk-u-
"sweet" (compare glucose).
1660s, from
French impromptu (1650s), from Latin in promptu "in
readiness," from assimilated form of in- "into, in, on,
upon" (see in- (2)) + promptu, ablative of promptus
"ready, prepared; set forth, brought forward," from past participle
of promere "to bring out," from pro "before,
forward, for" (see pro-) + emere "to obtain"
(see exempt (adj.)). From 1764 as an adjective; as a
noun from 1680s.
c. 1500, from
Middle French malivolent and directly from Latin malevolentem
(nominative malevolens) "ill-disposed, spiteful, envious,"
from male "badly" (see mal-) + volentem (nominative volens),
present participle of velle "to wish" (see will (v.)). Related: Malevolently.
mid-15c., from
Middle French malevolence and directly from Latin malevolentia
"ill-will, dislike, hatred," from malevolentem (nominative malevolens)
"malevolent" (see malevolent).
WEEK45
1610s,
"closely attentive," perhaps from obsolete wistly
"intently" (c. 1500), of uncertain origin. Perhaps formed on the
model of wishful. Middle English wistful meant "bountiful,
well-supplied," from Old English wist "provisions." The
meaning of "longingly pensive, musing" is by 1714. Related: Wistfully;
wistfulness.
c. 1400,
"clothing, vesture" (archaic), shortening of arayment
"clothing" (late 14c.), from Anglo-French araiement, from Old
French areement, from areer "to array" (see array (v.)).
c. 1400,
"lightly armed foot soldier," from Old French brigand (14c.),
from Italian brigante "trooper, skirmisher, foot soldier,"
from brigare (see brigade). Sense of "one who lives by
pillaging" is from early 15c., reflecting the lack of distinction between
professional mercenary armies and armed, organized criminals.
"small
two-masted ship," 1520s, from Middle French brigandin (15c.), from
Italian brigantino, perhaps "skirmishing vessel, pirate ship,"
from brigante "skirmisher, pirate, brigand" from brigare
"fight" (see brigade).
late 14c., from
Old French corpulent "stout, fat," from Latin corpulentus
"fleshy, fat," from corpus "body" (see corporeal) + -ulentus "full of."
Leigh Hunt was sent to prison for two years for calling the Prince Regent corpulent
in print in 1812.
late 15c.
"body size" (either large or small, with adjective), from Old French corpulence
(14c.) "corpulence; physical size, build," from Latin corpulentia
"grossness of body," noun of quality from corpulentus (see corpulent). Restriction to "bulkiness,
obesity" began late 16c. Related: Corpulency.
"horizontal
bar passing from one post or support to another," c. 1300, from Old French
reille "bolt, bar," from Vulgar Latin *regla, from
Latin regula "straight stick," diminutive form related to regere
"to straighten, guide" (see regal). Used figuratively for thinness from
1872. To be off the rails in a figurative sense is from 1848, an image
from the railroads. In U.S. use, "A piece of timber, cleft, hewed, or
sawed, inserted in upright posts for fencing" [Webster, 1830].
"small
wading bird," mid-15c., from Old French raale (13c.), related to râler
"to rattle," of unknown origin, perhaps imitative of its cry.
"complain,"
mid-15c., from Middle French railler "to tease or joke"
(15c.), perhaps from Old Provençal ralhar "scoff, to chat, to
joke," from Vulgar Latin *ragulare "to bray" (source also
of Italian ragghiare "to bray"), from Late Latin ragere
"to roar," probably of imitative origin. See rally (v.2). Related: Railed; railing.
"storyteller,
person skilled in relating anecdotes," 1828, from French raconteur,
from raconter "to recount, tell, narrate," from re-
(see re-) + Old French aconter "to
count, render account" (see account (v.); and compare recount (v.1)). Related: Raconteuse (fem.).
1570s, alteration
of Middle English soleyn "unique, singular," from Anglo-French
*solein, formed on the pattern of Old French solain
"lonely," from soul "single," from Latin solus
"by oneself, alone" (see sole (adj.)). The sense shift in Middle
English from "solitary" to "morose" (i.e. "remaining
alone through ill-humor") occurred late 14c. Related: Sullenly; sullenness.
early 14c.,
"a split, act of splitting," from a Scandinavian source (compare
Danish and Norwegian rift "a cleft," Old Icelandic ript
(pronounced "rift") "breach;" related to Old Norse ripa
"to break a contract" (see riven). Figurative use from 1620s. Geological
sense from 1921. As a verb, c. 1300.
1620s, from
French émissaire (17c.) or directly from Latin emissarius "a
scout, a spy," literally "that is sent out," from emissus,
past participle of emittere "send forth" (see emit).
1530s, "to
turn over in the mind," also "to chew cud" (1540s), from Latin ruminatus,
past participle of ruminare "to chew the cud; turn over in the
mind," from rumen (genitive ruminis) "gullet," of
uncertain origin. Related: Ruminated; ruminating.
1660s, from Latin
ruminantem (nominative ruminans), present participle of ruminare
"to chew the cud" (see ruminate). As an adjective from 1670s.
c. 1600,
"act of ruminating; act of meditating," from Latin ruminationem
(nominative ruminatio) "a chewing the cud," noun of action
from past participle stem of ruminare (see ruminate).
mid-13c., tohte
"stretched or pulled tight," possibly from tog-, past
participle stem of Old English teon "to pull, drag," from
Proto-Germanic *tugn, from PIE *deuk- "to lead" (see duke (n.)), which would connect it to tow (v.) and tie. Related: Tautness.
"to make
taut," 1814, from taut + -en (1). Intransitive meaning "become
taut" is from 1849. Related: Tautened; tautening.
early 15c.,
"of a bluish-leaden color," from Old French livide (13c.) and
directly from Latin lividus "of a bluish color,
black-and-blue," figuratively "envious, spiteful, malicious,"
from livere "be bluish," earlier *slivere, from PIE *sliwo-,
suffixed form of root *(s)leie- "bluish" (source also of Old
Church Slavonic and Russian sliva "plum;" Lithuanian slywas
"plum;" Old Irish li, Welsh lliw "color,
splendor," Old English sla "sloe"). Somehow it has come
to be associated with "pale, colorless." The sense of "furiously
angry" (1912) is from the notion of being livid with rage.
early 15c.,
"bluish or leaden color," from Old French lividite and
Medieval Latin lividitatem (nominative lividitas), noun of state
from past participle stem of Latin livere "be bluish" (see livid).
1670s,
"system of strict discipline," from the name of Jean Martinet
(killed at siege of Duisburg, 1672), lieutenant colonel in the Régiment du
Roi, who in 1668 was appointed inspector general of the infantry. "It
was his responsibility to introduce and enforce the drill and strict discipline
of the French regiment of Guards across the whole infantry." [Olaf van
Minwegen, "The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions 1588-1688,"
2006] The meaning "an officer who is a stickler for strict
discipline" is first attested 1779 in English. The surname is a diminutive
of Latin Martinus (see Martin).
"sharp
desire, hunger," 1906, earlier yen-yen (1900), yin (1876)
"intense craving for opium," from Chinese (Cantonese) yan
"craving," or from a Beijing dialect word for "smoke."
Reinforced in English by influence of yearn.
Japanese monetary
unit, 1875, from Japanese yen, from Chinese yuan "round,
round object, circle, dollar."
1630s, "a
trifle," from French bagatelle "knick-knack, bauble,
trinket" (16c.), from Italian bagatella "a trifle,"
diminutive of Latin baca "berry." As "a piece of light
music," it is attested from 1827.
Old English calu
"bare, bald," from Proto-Germanic *kalwa- (source also of
Middle Dutch calu, Dutch kaal, Old High German kalo,
German Kahl), from PIE root *gal- (1) "bald, naked"
(source also of Russian golyi "smooth, bald"). From young
birds with no feathers, meaning extended to any young inexperienced thing or
creature (1570s). Apparently not related to Latin calvus
"bald."
also appal,
early 14c., "to fade;" c. 1400, "to grow pale," from Old
French apalir "become or make pale," from a-
"to" (see ad-) + palir "grow pale,"
from Latin pallere (see pallor). Meaning "cause dismay or
shock," is 1530s. Related: Appalled; appalling.
1670s, from
French penchant, noun use of present participle of Old French pencher
"to incline," from Vulgar Latin *pendicare, a frequentative
formed from Latin pendere "to hang" (see pendant (n.)).
1610s, from
French décapiter (14c.), from Late Latin decapitatus past
participle of decapitare, from Latin de- "off" (see de-) + caput (genitive capitis)
"head" (see capitulum). Related: Decapitated; decapitating.
1640s, from
French décapitation, from Medieval Latin decapitationem
(nominative decapitatio), noun of action from past participle stem of
Late Latin decapitare (see decapitate).
c. 1500,
"violent, overbearing person" (especially of women), from Teruagant,
Teruagaunt (c. 1200), name of a fictitious Muslim deity appearing in
medieval morality plays, from Old French Tervagant, a proper name in Chanson
de Roland (c. 1100), of uncertain origin. As an adjective from 1590s.
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