※Prefix
fra- break fragile, fragment, frailty.
zeal- knowledge; passionate ardor in pursuit of an
objective or course of action. zealous, zealotry.
ab- off, away from.abandon, abrupt, abrade.
ob-/op- toward, against, across, down. obstacle, opponent, opposite.
pro- many,
much, prefer to. prolific, protect, proponent.
para- alongside, beyond; altered; contrary; irregular,
abnormal. paradise, paragraph, parable.
en-/em- near, at, in,
on, within. encounter, encourage, empower.
gen- birth, start,
beginning. gene, general, gender.
※Suffix
-ant a person or thing does a specified thing. pollutant, observant, consultant.
※Definition
ash: the powdery residue left after the burning of a substance.
clay: a stiff, sticky fine-grained earth, typically yellow, red, or
bluish-gray in color and often forming an impermeable layer in the soil. It can
be molded when wet.
phoebus: an epithet of Apollo, used in contexts in which the god was
identified with the sun.
compulsive: having power to compel
un for office: to stand as a candidate for an office
squeamish: easily shocked
poignant: causing a strong feeling of pain, sadness
※Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar,13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), known as Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, general, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.
※Hamlet
The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet , is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle, Claudius, by the ghost of Hamlet's father, King Hamlet.
※The Divine Comedy
The Divine Comedy is a poem by Dante Alighieri, begun c. 1308 and completed 1320, a year before his death in 1321. It is widely considered the preeminent work of Italian literature and is seen as one of the greatest works of world literature.
※Labyrinth
In Greek mythology, the labyrinth was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur eventually killed by the hero Theseus. Daedalus had so cunningly made the Labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it.
※I Dream of Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair
I dream of Jeannie with the light brown hair Borne, like a vapor, on the summer air I see her tripping where the bright streams play Happy as the daisies that dance on her way Many were the wild notes her merry voice would pour Many were the blithe birds that warbled them o'er Oh! I dream of Jeannie with the light brown hair Floating, like a vapor, on the soft, summer air I long for Jeannie with the day dawn smile Radiant in gladness, warm with winning guile I hear her melodies, like joys gone by Sighing round my heart o'er the fond hopes that die Sighing like the night wind and sobbing like the rain Wailing for the lost one that comes not again Oh! I long for Jeannie, and my heart bows low Never more to find her where the bright waters flow I sigh for Jeannie, but her light form strayed Far from the fond hearts round her native glade Her smiles have vanished and her sweet songs flown Flitting like the dreams that have cheered us and gone Now the nodding wild flow'rs may wither on the shore While her gentle fingers will cull them no more Oh! I sigh for Jeannie with the light brown hair Floating like a vapor, on the soft summer air (Contributed by Bill Huntley - November 2004)
※Vocabulary Journal
WEEK10
late
15c., "use up, wear out, go through," from Middle
English per- "completely" (see per) + use (v.). Meaning "read
carefully" is first recorded 1530s, but this could be a separate
formation. Meaning "read casually" is from 19c.
Related: Perused; perusing.
mid-15c.,
from Anglo-French premunition, Middle French premonicion, from Late
Latin praemonitionem (nominative praemonitio) "a
forewarning," noun of action from past participle stem of
Latin praemonere "forewarn," from prae "before"
(see pre-) + monere "to
warn" (see monitor (n.)).
mid-15c.,
from Middle French désister (mid-14c.), from
Latin desistere "to stand aside, leave off, cease,"
from de- "off" (see de-) + sistere "stop,
come to a stand" (see assist).
Related: Desisted; desisting.
early
13c. (transitive) "force back, drive back," from Old
French reculer "to go back, give way, recede, retreat"
(12c.), from Vulgar Latin *reculare, from Latin re- "back"
(see re-) + culus "backside,
bottom, fundament." Meaning "shrink back, retreat" is first
recorded c. 1300; and that of "spring back" (as a gun) in 1520s.
Related: Recoiled; recoiling.
1660s,
from French inclément (16c.) and directly from
Latin inclementem (nominative inclemens) "harsh,
unmerciful," from in- "not, opposite of, without"
(see in- (1))
+ clementem "mild, placid." "Limitation to weather is
curious" [Weekley].
mid-15c.,
"tormented, obsessed," past participle adjective from obsess. Originally especially
"possessed" by a devil, etc.
large,
powerful breed of dog, early 14c., from Old French mastin "great
cur, mastiff" (Modern French mâtin) or Provençal mastis, both
from Vulgar Latin *mansuetinus "domesticated, tame," from
Latin mansuetus "tame, gentle" (see mansuetude). Probably originally meaning a
dog that stays in the house, thus a guard-dog or watchdog. Form in English
perhaps influenced by Old French mestif "mongrel."
late
13c., with -ful, from Middle
English dole "grief" (early 13c.), from Old
French doel (Modern French deuil), from Late
Latin dolus "grief," from
Latin dolere "suffer, grieve," which is of uncertain
origin. De Vaan reports that it can be derived from a PIE root *delh- "to
chop" "under the assumption that 'pain' was expressed by the feeling
of 'being torn apart'. A causative *dolh-eie- 'to make somebody
(feel) split' could have become 'to cause pain'. The experiencer must
originally have been expressed in the dative." Related: Dolefully.
late
14c., from Anglo-French purtinaunt (late 13c.), Old
French partenant (mid-13c.) and directly from
Latin pertinentem (nominative pertinens) "pertaining,"
present participle of pertinere "to relate, concern"
(see pertain). Related: Pertinently.
Old
English wann "dark, dusky, lacking luster," later
"leaden, pale, gray," of uncertain origin, and not found in other
Germanic languages. The connecting notion is colorlessness. Perhaps related
to wane.
Related: Wanly; wanness.
1570s,
back-formation from interjection or else from
Latin interiectus, past participle of intericere "to throw
between, insert, interject." Related: Interjected; interjecting.
1719,
from Latin elus-, past participle stem of eludere "elude,
frustrate" (see elude) + -ive. Related: Elusiveness.
1690s,
from French symptomatique or directly from Late
Latin symptomaticus, from symptomat-, stem
of symptoma (see symptom). General sense of
"indicative (of)" is from 1751. Related: Symptomatical (1580s).
1520s,
from Middle French imminent (14c.) and directly from
Latin imminentem (nominative imminens) "overhanging;
impending," present participle of imminere "to overhang,
lean towards," hence "be near to," also "threaten, menace,
impend, be at hand, be about to happen," from assimilated form
of in- "into, in, on, upon" (see in- (2))
+ -minere "jut out," which is related
to mons "hill" (see mount (n.1)).
Related: Imminently.
late
14c., variant (with -ish)
of squoymous "disdainful, fastidious" (early 14c.), from
Anglo-French escoymous, which is of unknown origin.
Related: Squeamishly; squeamishness.
He
was somdel squaymous
Of fartyng, and of speche daungerous
[Chaucer, "Miller's Tale," c. 1386]
Of fartyng, and of speche daungerous
[Chaucer, "Miller's Tale," c. 1386]
c.
1400, "to buy up the whole stock of" (in Anglo-French from c. 1300),
from Old French en gros "in bulk, in a large quantity, at
wholesale," as opposed to en detail. See gross.
Figurative sense of "absorb the whole attention" is first attested 1709. A parallel engross, meaning "to write (something) in large letters," is from Anglo-French engrosser, from Old French en gros "in large (letters)." Related: Engrossed; engrossing.
Figurative sense of "absorb the whole attention" is first attested 1709. A parallel engross, meaning "to write (something) in large letters," is from Anglo-French engrosser, from Old French en gros "in large (letters)." Related: Engrossed; engrossing.
1560s,
"leaping," a heraldic term, from
Latin salientem (nominative saliens), present participle
of salire "to leap," from PIE root *sel- (4)
"to jump" (source also of Greek hallesthai "to
leap," Middle Irish saltraim "I trample," and probably
Sanskrit ucchalati "rises quickly").
It was used in Middle English as an adjective meaning "leaping, skipping." The meaning "pointing outward" (preserved in military usage) is from 1680s; that of "prominent, striking" first recorded 1840, from salient point (1670s), which refers to the heart of an embryo, which seems to leap, and translates Latin punctum saliens, going back to Aristotle's writings. Hence, the "starting point" of anything.
It was used in Middle English as an adjective meaning "leaping, skipping." The meaning "pointing outward" (preserved in military usage) is from 1680s; that of "prominent, striking" first recorded 1840, from salient point (1670s), which refers to the heart of an embryo, which seems to leap, and translates Latin punctum saliens, going back to Aristotle's writings. Hence, the "starting point" of anything.
1640s,
"without inherent force, having no power to act or respond," from
French inerte (16c.) or directly from
Latin inertem (nominative iners) "unskilled, incompetent;
inactive, helpless, weak, sluggish; worthless," used of stagnant fluids,
uncultivated pastures, expressionless eyes. It is a compound
of in- "without, not, opposite of" (see in- (1))
+ ars (genitive artis) "skill" (see art (n.)). In chemistry,
"having no active properties, neutral" (1800), specifically from 1885
of certain chemically inactive, colorless, odorless gases. Of persons or
creatures, "indisposed or unable to move or act," from 1774.
WEEK11
late
14c., "painful to physical or mental feeling" (of sauce, spice, wine
as well as things that affect the feelings), from Old
French poignant "sharp, pointed" (13c.), present participle
of poindre "to prick, sting," from
Latin pungere "to prick, pierce, sting," figuratively,
"to vex, grieve, trouble, afflict," related
to pugnus "a fist" (see pugnacious). Related: Poignantly.
The word disguises a linguistics trick-play, a double reverse. Latin pungere is from the same root as Latin pugnus "fist," and represents a metathesis of -n- and -g- that later was reversed in French.
The word disguises a linguistics trick-play, a double reverse. Latin pungere is from the same root as Latin pugnus "fist," and represents a metathesis of -n- and -g- that later was reversed in French.
mid-14c.,
"unprofitable," from fruit + -less. Meaning "barren,
sterile" is from 1510s. Related: Fruitlessly; fruitlessness.
1620s,
back-formation from inundation, or else from
Latin inundatus, past participle of inundare "to overflow,
run over" (source also of Spanish inundar, French inonder).
Related: Inundated; inundating.
"blood-red,"
late 14c. (late 12c. as a surname), from Old
French sanguin (fem. sanguine), from
Latin sanguineus "of blood," also "bloody,
bloodthirsty," from sanguis (genitive sanguinis)
"blood" (see sanguinary). Meaning "cheerful, hopeful,
confident" first attested c. 1500, because these qualities were thought in
medieval physiology to spring from an excess of blood as one of the four
humors. Also in Middle English as a noun, "type of red cloth" (early
14c.).
"cool,
calm, self-possessed," and in a more pejorative sense, "cold, dull,
apathetic," 1570s, from literal sense "abounding in phlegm (as a
bodily humor)" (mid-14c., fleumatik), from Old
French fleumatique (13c., Modern French flegmatique), from Late
Latin phlegmaticus, from Greek phlegmatikos "abounding in
phlegm" (see phlegm).
A
verry flewmatike man is in the body lustles, heuy and slow. [John of Trevisa,
translation of Bartholomew de Glanville's "De proprietatibus
rerum," 1398]
"full
of zeal" (in the service of a person or cause), 1520s, from Medieval
Latin zelosus "full of zeal" (source of
Italian zeloso, Spanish celoso), from zelus (see zeal). The sense "fervent,
inspired" was earlier in English in jealous (late 14c.), which is the
same word but come up through French.
Related: Zealously, zealousness.
"containing
much," 1610s, from French comprehénsif, from Late
Latin comprehensivus, from comprehens-, past participle stem of
Latin comprehendere (see comprehend).
Related: Comprehensively (mid-15c.); comprehensiveness.
mid-15c., cohercen,
from Middle French cohercer, from Latin coercere "to
control, restrain, shut up together,"
from com- "together" (see co-) + arcere "to
enclose, confine, contain, ward off," from PIE *ark- "to
hold, contain, guard" (see arcane).
Related: Coerced; coercing. No record of the word between late 15c.
and mid-17c.; its reappearance 1650s is perhaps a back-formation
from coercion.
1530s,
"to give (legal) confirmation to," from Latin corroboratus, past
participle of corroborare "to strengthen, invigorate," from
assimilated form of com "with, together," here perhaps as
"thoroughly" (see com-) + roborare "to
make strong," from robur, robus "strength,"
(see robust).
Meaning "to strengthen by evidence, to confirm" is from 1706. Sometimes in early use the word also has its literal Latin sense, especially of medicines. Related: Corroborated; corroborating; corroborative.
Meaning "to strengthen by evidence, to confirm" is from 1706. Sometimes in early use the word also has its literal Latin sense, especially of medicines. Related: Corroborated; corroborating; corroborative.
1640s,
from Middle French elapser, from Latin elapsus, past participle
of elabi "slip or glide away, escape,"
from ex "out, out of, away" (see ex-) + labi "to slip,
glide" (see lapse (n.)). The noun now
corresponding to elapse is lapse, but elapse (n.) was
in recent use. Related: Elapsed; elapsing.
1680s,
from Medieval Latin sporadicus "scattered," from
Greek sporadikos "scattered,"
from sporas (genitive sporados) "scattered,
dispersed," from spora "a sowing" (see spore). Originally a medical term,
"occurring in scattered instances;" the meaning "happening at
intervals" is first recorded 1847.
Related: Sporadical (1650s); sporadically.
mid-15c.,
from Middle French domicile (14c.), from Latin domicilium,
perhaps from domus "house" (see domestic) + colere "to
dwell" (see colony). As a verb, it is first attested
1809. Related: Domiciled; domiciliary.
c.
1400, "loose" (in reference to bowels), from
Latin laxus "wide, spacious, roomy," figuratively
"loose, free, wide" (also used of indulgent rule and low prices),
from PIE *lag-so-, suffixed form of root *(s)lēg- "to be
slack, be languid" (source also of Greek legein "to leave
off, stop," lagos "hare," literally "with
drooping ears," lagnos "lustful,
lascivious," lagaros "slack, hollow, shrunken;"
Latin languere "to be faint,
weary," languidis "faint, weak, dull, sluggish,
languid").
In English, of rules, discipline, etc., from mid-15c. Related: Laxly; laxness. A transposed Vulgar Latin form yielded Old French lasche, French lâche. The laxists, though they formed no avowed school, were nonetheless condemned by Innocent XI in 1679.
In English, of rules, discipline, etc., from mid-15c. Related: Laxly; laxness. A transposed Vulgar Latin form yielded Old French lasche, French lâche. The laxists, though they formed no avowed school, were nonetheless condemned by Innocent XI in 1679.
1530s,
"fearful, timid," from Latin meticulosus "fearful,
timid," literally "full of fear,"
from metus "fear, dread, apprehension, anxiety," of unknown
origin. Sense of "fussy about details" is first recorded in English
1827, from French méticuleux "timorously fussy" [Fowler
attributes this use in English to "literary critics"], from the Latin
word. Related: Meticulosity.
early
15c., from conjecture (n.). In Middle English also
with a parallel conjecte (n.), conjecten (v.).
Related: Conjectured; conjecturing.
1650s,
"pale, wan," from Latin luridus "pale yellow, ghastly,
the color of bruises," a word of uncertain origin and etymology, perhaps
cognate with Greek khloros "pale green, greenish-yellow"
(see Chloe), or connected to
Latin lividus (see livid).
It has more to do with the interplay of light and darkness than it does with color. It suggests a combination of light and gloom; "Said, e.g. of the sickly pallor of the skin in disease, or of the aspect of things when the sky is overcast" [OED]; "having the character of a light which does not show the colors of objects" [Century Dictionary]. Meaning "glowing in the darkness" is from 1727 ("of the color or appearance of dull smoky flames" - Century Dictionary]. In scientific use (1767) "of a dingy brown or yellowish-brown color" [OED]. The figurative sense of "sensational" is first attested 1850, via the notion of "ominous" (if from the flames sense) or "ghastly" (if from the older sense). Related: Luridly.
It has more to do with the interplay of light and darkness than it does with color. It suggests a combination of light and gloom; "Said, e.g. of the sickly pallor of the skin in disease, or of the aspect of things when the sky is overcast" [OED]; "having the character of a light which does not show the colors of objects" [Century Dictionary]. Meaning "glowing in the darkness" is from 1727 ("of the color or appearance of dull smoky flames" - Century Dictionary]. In scientific use (1767) "of a dingy brown or yellowish-brown color" [OED]. The figurative sense of "sensational" is first attested 1850, via the notion of "ominous" (if from the flames sense) or "ghastly" (if from the older sense). Related: Luridly.
"eruption
of small red spots on skin," 1709, perhaps from
French rache "a sore" (Old
French rasche "rash, scurf"), from Vulgar
Latin *rasicare "to scrape" (also source of Old
Provençal rascar, Spanish rascar "to scrape, scratch,"
Italian raschina "itch"), from
Latin rasus "scraped," past participle
of radere "to scrape" (see raze). The connecting notion would be
of itching. Figurative sense of "any sudden outbreak or
proliferation" first recorded 1820.
1590s,
"to meet and do away with," from Late Latin obviatus, past
participle of obviare "act contrary to, go against," from
Latin obvius "that is in the way, that moves against"
(see obvious).
Related: Obviated; obviating.
1530s,
variant of quippy in same sense (1510s), perhaps from
Latin quippe "indeed, of course, as you see, naturally,
obviously" (used sarcastically), from quid "what"
(neuter of pronoun quis "who;" see who), and compare quibble (n.)) + emphatic
particle -pe.
WEEK12
1640s
(in Latin form in English from 1580s), "discourse, critical
dissertation," from French diatribe (15c.), from
Latin diatriba "learned discussion," from
Greek diatribe "employment, study," in Plato,
"discourse," literally "a wearing away (of time),"
from dia- "away" (see dia-) + tribein "to
wear, rub," from PIE root *tere- (1) "to rub, turn,
twist" (see throw (v.)). Sense of
"invective" is 1804, apparently from French.
Old
English ilca "the same" (pron.), from
Proto-Germanic *ij-lik (compare German eilen), in which the
first element is from the PIE demonstrative particle *i- (see yon) and the second is that in Old
English -lic "form" (see like (adj.)). Of similar formation
are each, which and such, but this word disappeared except
in Scottish and thus did not undergo the usual southern sound changes.
Phrase of that ilk implies coincidence of name and estate, as
in Lundie of Lundie; it was applied usually to families, so that by c.
1790 ilk began to be used with the meaning "family," then
broadening to "type, sort."
1620s,
"without coherence" (of immaterial or abstract things, especially
thought or language), from in- (1) "not, opposite
of" + coherent. As "without physical
coherence" from 1690s. Related: Incoherently.
1650s,
from Latin fortuitus "happening by chance, casual,
accidental," from forte "by chance," ablative
of fors "chance" (related to fortuna; see fortune). It means "accidental,
undesigned" not "fortunate." Earlier in this sense
was fortuit (late 14c.), from French.
Related: Fortuitously; fortuitousness.
late
14c., "formal prohibition; interdiction of legal proceedings by
authority;" also, the document setting forth such a prohibition, from Old
French inibicion and directly from
Latin inhibitionem (nominative inhibitio) "a
restraining," from past participle stem of inhibere "to
hold in, hold back, keep back," from in- "in, on" (see in- (2))
+ habere "to hold" (see habit (n.)). Psychological sense of
"involuntary check on an expression of an impulse" is from 1876.
late
15c., "formal document authenticated by an affixed seal," from Middle
French placquard "official document with a large, flat
seal," also "plate of armor," from Old
French plaquier "to lay on, cover up, plaster over," from
Middle Dutch placken "to patch (a garment), to plaster,"
related to Middle High German placke "patch, stain,"
German Placken "spot, patch." Meaning "poster"
first recorded 1550s in English; this sense is in Middle French from 15c.
1540s,
"practicing illusion or magic, deceptive," from
Latin praestigious "full of tricks," from praestigiae "juggler's
tricks," probably altered by dissimilation from praestrigiae,
from praestringere "to blind, blindfold, dazzle,"
from prae "before" (see pre-) + stringere "to
tie or bind" (see strain (v.)). Derogatory until 19c.;
meaning "having dazzling influence" is attested from 1913 (see prestige).
Related: Prestigiously; prestigiousness.
c.
1400, from Middle French remuneration and directly from
Latin remunerationem (nominative remuneratio) "a repaying,
recompense," noun of action from past participle stem
of remunerari "to pay, reward,"
from re- "back" (see re-) + munerari "to give,"
from munus (genitive muneris) "gift, office, duty"
(see municipal).
early
15c., "pertaining to nouns," from
Latin nominalis "pertaining to a name or names,"
from nomen (genitive nominis) "name," cognate with Old
English nama (see name (n.)). Meaning "of the
nature of names" (in distinction to things) is from 1610s. Meaning
"being so in name only" first recorded 1620s.
late
15c., "of or pertaining to a whole; intrinsic, belonging as a part to a
whole," from Middle French intégral (14c.), from Medieval
Latin integralis "forming a whole," from
Latin integer "whole" (see integer). Related: Integrally. As a
noun, 1610s, from the adjective.
1551,
from Modern Latin Utopia, literally "nowhere," coined by Thomas
More (and used as title of his book, 1516, about an imaginary island enjoying
the utmost perfection in legal, social, and political systems), from
Greek ou "not" + topos "place"
(see topos). Extended to any perfect place by
1610s. Commonly, but incorrectly, taken as from
Greek eu- "good" (see eu-) an error reinforced by the
introduction of dystopia.
late
14c., scisme, "dissention within the church," from Old
French scisme, cisme "a cleft, split" (12c.), from
Church Latin schisma, from
Greek skhisma (genitive skhismatos) "division, cleft,"
in New Testament applied metaphorically to divisions in the Church (I
Corinthians xii.25), from stem of skhizein "to split"
(see shed (v.)). Spelling restored
16c., but pronunciation unchanged. Often in reference to the Great
Schism (1378-1417) in the Western Church.
1520s,
"an accursed thing," from Latin anathema "an
excommunicated person; the curse of excommunication," from Ecclesiastical
Greek anathema "a thing accursed," a slight variation of
classical Greek anathāma, which meant merely "a thing devoted,"
literally "a thing set up (to the gods)," such as a votive offering
in a temple, from ana "up" (see ana-) + tithenai "to
put, place" (see theme).
By the time it reached Late Latin the meaning of the Greek word had progressed through "thing devoted to evil," to "thing accursed or damned." Later it was applied to persons and the Divine Curse. Meaning "act or formula of excommunicating and consigning to damnation by ecclesiastical authority" is from 1610s.
Anathema maranatha, taken as an intensified form, is held to be a misreading of I Corinthians xvi.22 where anathema is followed by Aramaic maran atha "Our Lord hath come" (see Maranatha), apparently a solemn formula of confirmation, like amen; but possibly it is a false transliteration of Hebrew mohoram atta "you are put under the ban," which would make more sense in the context. [Klein]
By the time it reached Late Latin the meaning of the Greek word had progressed through "thing devoted to evil," to "thing accursed or damned." Later it was applied to persons and the Divine Curse. Meaning "act or formula of excommunicating and consigning to damnation by ecclesiastical authority" is from 1610s.
Anathema maranatha, taken as an intensified form, is held to be a misreading of I Corinthians xvi.22 where anathema is followed by Aramaic maran atha "Our Lord hath come" (see Maranatha), apparently a solemn formula of confirmation, like amen; but possibly it is a false transliteration of Hebrew mohoram atta "you are put under the ban," which would make more sense in the context. [Klein]
1832,
originally in reference to a 15c.-16c. architectural style with wavy,
flame-like curves, from French flamboyant "flaming, wavy,"
present participle of flamboyer "to flame," from Old
French flamboiier "to flame, flare, blaze, glow, shine"
(12c.), from flambe "a flame, flame of love,"
from flamble, variant of flamme, from
Latin flammula "little flame" (see flame (n.)). Extended sense of
"showy, ornate" is from 1879. Related: Flamboyantly.
c.
1600, from Latin expungere "prick out, blot out, mark (a name on
a list) for deletion" by pricking dots above or below it, literally
"prick out," from ex- "out" (see ex-) + pungere "to
prick, pierce," related to pugnus "a fist" (see pugnacious). According to OED, taken by early
lexicographers in English to "denote actual obliteration by
pricking;" it adds that the sense probably was influenced
by sponge (v.).
Related: Expunged; expunging; expungible.
late
15c., past participle adjective from truncate. Originally in heraldry; modern
senses are post-1700.
also janty, jantee,
etc., 1660s, "elegant, stylish," an imperfect or jocular attempt to
render into English the contemporary pronunciation of
French gentil "nice, pleasing," in Old French
"noble" (see gentle). Meaning "easy and sprightly
in manner" first attested 1670s. The same French word otherwise was Englished
as genteel.
Related: Jauntily; jauntiness.
1701,
from ostentation + -ous. Earlier in a similar sense
were ostentative (c. 1600); ostentive (1590s).
Related: Ostentatiously; ostentatiousness (1650s).
early
15c., from Middle French timoureus (14c.), from Medieval
Latin timorosus "fearful," from
Latin timor "fear, dread, apprehension, anxiety; religious awe,
reverence," from timere "to fear, be afraid, dread,"
of unknown origin. Some early senses in English seem to show confusion with
Middle English temerous "rash" (see temerity).
Related: Timorously; timorousness.
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