phila- love. philanthropy, philately, philander.
arch- order, principle. architect, anarchy.
ambi-/anphi- both. ambidextrously, ambivalence, ambivert.
※Suffix
-sophy knowledge. philosophy, anthroposophy.
※Definition
lexicography:the practice of compiling dictionaries.
capital punishment:the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime.
aptitude:a natural ability to do something.
invulnerable:impossible to harm or damage.
debris:scattered fragments, typically of something wrecked or destroyed.
conflagration:an extensive fire that destroys a great deal of land or property.
virile:(of a man) having strength, energy, and a strong sex drive
jettison:throw or drop (something) from an aircraft or ship.
terse:sparing in the use of words; abrupt.
cogent:(of an argument or case) clear, logical, and convincing.
adamant:refusing to be persuaded or to change one's mind.
※Sloth
Sloths are mammals classified in the families Megalonychidae (two-toed sloths) and Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths), including six extant species. They are named after the capital sin of sloth because they seem slow and lazy at first glance; however, their usual idleness is due to metabolic adaptations for conserving energy. Aside from their surprising speed during emergency flights from predators, other notable traits of sloths include their strong body and their ability to host symbiotic algae on their furs.
※Noah's Ark
Noah's Ark is the vessel in the Genesis flood narrative (Genesis chapters 6–9) by which God spares Noah, his family, and a remnant of all the world's animals from the flood.
※Atlas(mythology)
In Greek mythology, Atlas was a Titan condemned to hold up the sky for eternity after the Titanomachy. Although associated with various places, he became commonly identified with the Atlas Mountains in northwest Africa (modern-day Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia). Atlas was the son of the Titan Iapetus and the Oceanid Asia or Clymene. He had many children, mostly daughters, the Hesperides, the Hyades, the Pleiades, and the nymph Calypso who lived on the island Ogygia. According to the ancient Greek poet Hesiod Atlas stood at the ends of the earth towards the west.
※Vocabulary Journal
WEEK25
awesome (adj.) Look up awesome at Dictionary.com
1590s, "profoundly reverential,"
from awe (n.) + -some (1). Meaning "inspiring awe" is from 1670s;
weakened colloquial sense of "impressive, very good" is recorded by
1961 and was in vogue from after c. 1980. Related: Awesomely; awesomeness.
eruption
(n.) Look up eruption at Dictionary.com
early 15c., from Middle French éruption
(14c.) and directly from Latin eruptionem (nominative eruptio) "a breaking
out," noun of action from past participle stem of erumpere "break
out, burst forth" (see eruption).
puny
(adj.) Look up puny at Dictionary.com
1570s, "inferior in rank" (1540s
as a noun, "junior pupil, freshman"), from Middle French puisné
(Modern French puîné), from Old French puisne "born later, younger,
youngest" (12c., contrasted with aisné "first-born"), from puis
nez, from puis "afterward" (from Vulgar Latin *postius, from Latin
postea "after this, hereafter," from post "after," see
post-, + ea "there") + Old French né "born," from Latin
natus, past participle of nasci "be born" (Old Latin gnasci; see
genus). Sense of "small, weak, insignificant" first recorded 1590s.
Compare puisne. Related: Puniness.
debris
(n.) Look up debris at Dictionary.com
1708, from French débris "remains,
waste, rubbish" (16c.), from obsolete debriser "break down,
crush," from Old French de- (see de-) + briser "to break," from
Late Latin brisare, possibly of Gaulish origin (compare Old Irish brissim
"I break").
dispersed
(v.) Look up disperse at Dictionary.com
late 14c., from Latin dispersus, past
participle of dispergere "to scatter," from dis- "apart, in every
direction" (see dis-) + spargere "to scatter" (see sparse). The
Latin word is glossed in Old English by tostregdan. Related: Dispersed;
dispersing.
-
obliterate
(v.) Look up obliterate at Dictionary.com
c. 1600, from Latin obliteratus, past
participle of obliterare "cause to disappear, blot out, erase,
efface," figuratively "cause to be forgotten," from ob
"against" (see ob-) + littera (also litera) "letter, script"
(see letter (n.)); abstracted from phrase literas scribere "write across
letters, strike out letters." Related: Obliterated; obliterating.
deplorable
(adj.) Look up deplorable at Dictionary.com
"that must be deplored, lamentable,
grievous, miserable," also "pitiable, contemptible," 1610s, from
-able + deplore (v.) "lament, bewail, give up as hopeless," from
French déplorer (13c.), from Latin deplorare "bewail, lament, give up for
lost," from de- "entirely" (see de-) + plorare "weep, cry
out," which is of unknown origin. Perhaps from or inspired by French
déplorable or directly from Late Latin deplorabilis. Johnson (mid-18c.) noted
the weakened colloquial use of the word for "very bad." Related:
Deplorably; deplorability.
(n.) Look up initiate at Dictionary.com
"one who has been initiated" (in
secret doctrines, etc.), 1732, from obsolete or archaic past participle
adjective initiate "initiated, instructed in secret knowledge" (c.
1600), from Latin initiatus (see initiate (v.)).
(v.) Look up initiate at Dictionary.com
c. 1600, "introduce to some practice
or system," also "begin, set going," from Late Latin initiatus,
past participle of initiare "to begin, originate," in classical Latin
only in the sense "to instruct in mysteries or sacred knowledge."
This is from initium "a beginning; an entrance," also in plural
initia "constituent parts; sacred mysteries," a noun use of the
neuter past participle of inire "to go into, enter upon, begin," from
in- "into, in" (see in- (2)) + ire "to go" (see ion).
In some senses the English word is a
back-formation from initiation. Related: Initiated; initiates; initiating;
initiator.
conflagration
(v.) Look up rue at Dictionary.com
"feel regret," Old English
hreowan "make sorry, distress, grieve" (class II strong verb; past
tense hreaw, past participle hrowen), from Proto-Germanic *khrewan (source also
of Old Frisian riowa, Middle Dutch rouwen, Old Dutch hrewan, German reuen
"to sadden, cause repentance"); in part, blended with Old English
weak verb hreowian "feel pain or sorrow," and perhaps influenced by
Old Norse hryggja "make sad," both from Proto-Germanic *khruwjan, all
from PIE root *kreue- (2) "to push, strike" (see anacrusis). Related:
Rued; ruing.
(n.1) Look up rue at Dictionary.com
perennial evergreen shrub, late 14c., from
Old French rue (13c.), earlier rude, from Latin ruta "rue," probably
from Greek rhyte, of uncertain etymology, originally a Peloponnesian word. The
bitter taste of its leaves led to many punning allusions to rue (n.2.).
(n.2) Look up rue at Dictionary.com
"sorrow, repentance," Old
English hreow "grief, repentance, sorrow, regret, penitence," common
Germanic (Frisian rou, Middle Dutch rou, Dutch rouw, Old High German (h)riuwa,
German reue), related to the root of rue (v.).
(n.3) Look up rue at Dictionary.com
French for "street," from Vulgar
Latin *ruga (source also of Old Italian ruga, Spanish rua "street in a
village"), from Latin ruga, properly "a furrow," then in
Medieval Latin "a path, street," from PIE root *reue- (2) "to
smash, knock down, tear out, dig up" (see rough (adj.)).
-
congenial
(adj.) Look up congenial at Dictionary.com
1620s, "kindred, sympathetic,"
from Latin com "with, together" (see com-) + genialis "of
birth," thus, "kindred" (see genus). Sense of
"agreeable" is first recorded 1711. Related: Congeniality.
hoard
(n.) Look up hoard at Dictionary.com
Old English hord "a treasure,
valuable stock or store," from Proto-Germanic *huzdam (source also of Old
Saxon hord "treasure, hidden or inmost place," Old Norse hodd, German
Hort, Gothic huzd "treasure," literally "hidden treasure"),
from PIE root *(s)keu- "to cover, conceal" (see hide (n.1)).
(v.) Look up hoard at Dictionary.com
Old English hordian "to hoard,"
from the root of hoard (n.). Cognate with Old High German gihurten, German
gehorden, Gothic huzdjan. Related: Hoarded; hoarding.
sage
(adj.) Look up sage at Dictionary.com
"wise," c. 1300 (late 12c. as a
surname), from Old French sage "wise, knowledgeable, learned; shrewd,
skillful" (11c.), from Gallo-Roman *sabius, from Vulgar Latin *sapius,
from Latin sapere "have a taste, have good taste, be wise," from PIE
root *sap- "to taste" (see sap (n.1)). Meaning "characterized by
wisdom" is from 1530s. Related: Sageness.
(n.1) Look up sage at Dictionary.com
kind of herb (Salvia officinalis), early
14c., from Old French sauge (13c.), from Latin salvia, from salvus
"healthy" (see safe (adj.)). So called for its healing or preserving
qualities (it was used to keep teeth clean and relieve sore gums, and boiled in
water to make a drink to alleviate arthritis). In English folklore, sage, like
parsley, is said to grow best where the wife is dominant. In late Old English
as salvie, directly from Latin. Compare German Salbei, also from Latin.
(n.2) Look up sage at Dictionary.com
"man of profound wisdom,"
mid-14c., from sage (adj.). Originally applied to the Seven Sages -- Thales,
Solon, Periander, Cleobulus, Chilon, Bias, and Pittacus.
aegis "protection," 1793, a figurative
use of Latin aegis, from Greek Aigis, the name of the shield of Zeus, a word
said by Herodotus to be related to aix (genitive aigos) "goat," from
PIE *aig- "goat" (source also of Sanskrit ajah, Lithuanian ozys
"he-goat"), as the shield was of goatskin. Athene's aigis was a short
goat-skin cloak, set with a gorgon's head and fringed with snakes. The exact
use and purpose of it is not now clear.
The goatskin would be worn with the two
forelegs tied in front of the wearer's breast, or possibly with the head passed
through an opening made at the neck, by the removal of the animal's head. [F.
Warre Cornish, ed., "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities," London,
1898]
detriment
(n.) Look up detriment at Dictionary.com
early 15c., from Middle French détriment
or directly from Latin detrimentum "a rubbing off; a loss, damage,
defeat," from past participle stem of detere "to wear away,"
figuratively "to weaken, impair," from de- "away" (see de-)
+ terere "to rub, wear" (see throw (v.)).
-
longevity
(n.) Look up longevity at Dictionary.com
1610s, from Late Latin longaevitatem
(nominative longaevitas) "great age, long life," from Latin longaevus
"of great age, ancient, aged," from longus "long" (see long
(adj.)) + aevum "lifetime, age" (see eon).
imbibe
(v.) Look up imbibe at Dictionary.com
late 14c., from Old French imbiber,
embiber "to soak into," and directly from Latin imbibere
"absorb, drink in, inhale," from assimilated form of in- "into,
in, on, upon" (see in- (2)) + bibere "to drink," related to
potare "to drink," from PIE *po(i)- "to drink" (see
potion). Figurative sense of "mentally drink in" (knowledge, ideas,
etc.) was the main one in classical Latin, first attested in English 1550s.
Related: Imbibed; imbibing.
virile
(adj.) Look up virile at Dictionary.com
late 15c., "characteristic of a man;
marked by manly force," from Middle French viril (14c.) and directly from
Latin virilis "of a man, manly, worthy of a man," from vir "a
man, a hero," from PIE *wi-ro- "man, freeman" (source also of
Sanskrit virah, Avestan vira-, Lithuanian vyras, Old Irish fer, Welsh gwr,
Gothic wair, Old English wer "man"). Virile member for
"penis" is recorded from 1540s.
senile
(adj.) Look up senile at Dictionary.com
1660s, "suited to old age," from
French sénile (16c.), from Latin senilis "of old age," from senex
(genitive senis) "old, old man," from PIE root *sen- "old"
(source also of Sanskrit sanah "old;" Avestan hana- "old;"
Old Persian hanata- "old age, lapse of time;" Armenian hin
"old;" Greek enos "old, of last year;" Lithuanian senas
"old," senis "an old man;" Gothic sineigs "old"
(used only of persons), sinistra "elder, senior;" Old Norse sina
"dry standing grass from the previous year;" Old Irish sen, Old Welsh
hen "old"). Meaning "weak or infirm from age" is first
attested 1848.
doddering
1610s, perhaps from Middle English daderen "to quake, tremble" (late
15c.), apparently frequentative of dialectal dade, on a form similar to totter,
patter. Related: Doddered; doddering.
WEEK26
lethargic (adj.) Look up lethargic at Dictionary.com
late 14c.,
litargik, "morbidly drowsy, manifesting lethargy," from Latin
lethargicus "affected with lethargy," from Greek lethargikos
"drowsy," from lethargos "forgetful; inactive" (see
lethargy). From 1590s as "pertaining to lethargy." Related:
Lethargically. In 17c. also with a verb form, lethargize, and a noun, letharge
"lethargic patient."
prevalent (adj.)early 15c., "having great power or
force," from Latin praevalentem (nominative praevalens) "of superior
strength; mighty," present participle of praevalere "to be more
able" (see prevail). Meaning "extensively existing, in general
use" is from 1650s.
paramount (adj.) Look up paramount at Dictionary.com
1530s, from
Anglo-French paramont, Old French paramont "above" (in place, order,
degree), mid-14c., from Old French par "by," from Latin per
"through, for, by" (see per (prep.)) + amont "up," from a
mont "upward" (see amount (v.)). The whole from Latin per ad montem,
literally "to the hill."
remiss (adj.) Look up remiss at Dictionary.com
early 15c.,
"weak, dissolved," from Latin remissus "relaxed, languid;
negligent," past participle of remittere "slacken, abate, let
go" (see remit). Meaning "characterized by lack of strictness"
is attested from mid-15c.; that of "characterized by negligence" is
from mid-15c.
hostile (adj.) Look up hostile at Dictionary.com
late 15c.,
from Middle French hostile "of or belonging to an enemy" (15c.) or
directly from Latin hostilis "of an enemy, belonging to or characteristic
of the enemy; inimical," from hostis "enemy" (see guest (n.)).
The noun meaning "hostile person" is recorded from 1838, American
English, a word from the Indian wars. Related: Hostilely.
-
rebuke (v.) Look up rebuke at Dictionary.com
early 14c.,
"to reprimand, reprove; chide, scold," from Anglo-French rebuker
"to repel, beat back," Old French rebuchier, from re-
"back" (see re-) + buschier "to strike, chop wood," from
busche (French bûche) "wood," from Proto-Germanic *busk- (see bush
(n.)). Related: Rebuked; rebuking.
early 15c.,
"a reproof, reprimand," from rebuke (v.).
aversion (n.) Look up aversion at Dictionary.com
"a
turning away from," 1590s; figurative sense of "mental attitude of
repugnance" is from 1650s, from Middle French aversion and directly from
Latin aversionem (nominative aversio), noun of action from past participle stem
of aversus "turned away, backwards, behind, hostile," itself past
participle of avertere (see avert). Earlier in the literal sense of "a
turning away from" (1590s). Aversion therapy in psychology is from 1950.
evince (v.) Look up evince at Dictionary.com
c. 1600,
"disprove, confute," from French évincer "disprove,
confute," from Latin evincere "conquer, overcome subdue, vanquish,
prevail over; elicit by argument, prove," from assimilated form of ex
"out" (see ex-) + vincere "overcome" (see victor). Meaning
"show clearly" is late 18c. Not clearly distinguished from its
doublet, evict, until 18c. Related: Evinced; evinces; evincing; evincible.
vogue 1570s, the vogue, "height of popularity or
accepted fashion," from Middle French vogue "fashion, success;"
also "drift, swaying motion (of a boat)" literally "a
rowing," from Old French voguer "to row, sway, set sail" (15c.),
probably from a Germanic source. Compare Old High German wagon "to float,
fluctuate," literally "to balance oneself;" German Woge
"wave, billow," wogen "fluctuate, float" (see weigh).
Perhaps the
notion is of being "borne along on the waves of fashion." Italian
voga "a rowing," Spanish boga "rowing," but colloquially
"fashion, reputation" also probably are from the same Germanic
source. Phrase in vogue "having a prominent place in popular fashion"
first recorded 1643. The fashion magazine began publication in 1892.
superficial (adj.) Look up superficial at Dictionary.com
late 14c., in
anatomical and mathematical uses, "of or relating to a surface," from
Late Latin superficialis "of or pertaining to the surface," from
superficies "surface, upper side, top," from super "above,
over" (see super-) + facies "form, face" (see face (n.)).
Meaning "not deep, without thorough understanding, cursory, comprehending
only what is apparent or obvious" (of perceptions, thoughts, etc.) first
recorded early 15c. (implied in superficially "not thoroughly").
-
jettison 1848, "to throw overboard," especially
to save a ship in danger, from jettison (n.) "act of throwing
overboard" to lighten a ship. This noun was an 18c. Marine Insurance
writers' restoration of the earlier form and original sense of the 15c. word
that had become jetsam, probably because jetsam had taken on a sense of "things
cast overboard" and an unambiguous word was needed for "act of
casting things overboard."
Middle English
jetteson (n.) "act of throwing overboard" is from Anglo-French
getteson, Old French getaison "act of throwing (goods overboard),"
especially to lighten a ship in distress, from Late Latin iactionem (nominative
iactatio) "a throwing, act of throwing," noun of action from past
participle stem of iactare "to throw, toss about" (see jet (v.1)).
Related: Jettisoned.
inevitable (adj.) Look up inevitable at Dictionary.com
"unavoidable,"
mid-15c., from Latin inevitabilis "unavoidable," from in- "not,
opposite of" (see in- (1)) + evitabilis "avoidable," from
evitare "to avoid," from ex "out" (see ex-) + vitare
"shun," originally "go out of the way." As a noun from
1850. Related: Inevitableness.
lucrative (adj.) Look up lucrative at Dictionary.com
early 15c.,
from Old French lucratif "profitable" and directly from Latin
lucrativus "gainful, profitable," from lucratus, past participle of
lucrari "to gain, win, acquire," from lucrum "gain, profit"
(see lucre). Related: Lucratively; lucrativeness.
(v.) Look up
tussle at Dictionary.com
"to
struggle, scuffle, wrestle confusedly," late 15c. (transitive); 1630s
(intransitive), Scottish and northern English variant of touselen (see tousle).
Related: Tussled; tussling.
intrinsic
(n.) Look up
tussle at Dictionary.com
"a
struggle, conflict, scuffle," 1620s (but rare before 19c.), from tussle
(v.).
-
acute (adj.) Look up acute at Dictionary.com
late 14c.,
originally of fevers and diseases, "coming quickly to a crisis"
(opposed to chronic), from Latin acutus "sharp, pointed,"
figuratively "shrill, penetrating; intelligent, cunning," past
participle of acuere "to sharpen" (literal and figurative), from PIE
root *ak- "rise to a point, be sharp" (see acro-). Also used of
humors (early 15c.). Meaning "ending in a sharp point" is from 1560s;
sense of "sharp or penetrating in intellect" is from 1580s. OF
feelings, pains, etc., "intense," 1727. As a noun, early 15c. of
fevers; c. 1600 as "acute accent." Related: Acutely; acuteness.
gist (n.) Look up gist at Dictionary.com
1711,
"the real point" (of a law case, etc.), from Anglo-French legalese
phrases such as cest action gist "this action lies," from Old French
gist en "it consists in, it lies in," from gist (Modern French gît),
third person singular present indicative of gésir "to lie," from
Latin iacet "it lies," from iacere "to lie, rest," related
to iacere "to throw" (see jet (v.)). Extended sense of "essence"
first recorded 1823.
transient (adj.) Look up transient at Dictionary.com
c. 1600,
"transitory, not durable," from Latin transientem (nominative
transiens) "passing over or away," present participle of transire "cross
over, go over, pass over, hasten over, pass away," from trans
"across, beyond" (see trans-) + ire "to go" (see ion).
Meaning "passing through a place without staying" is from 1680s. The
noun is first attested 1650s; specific sense of "transient guest or
boarder" attested from 1857. Related: Transiently.
terse (adj.) Look up terse at Dictionary.com
1590s (implied
in tersely), "clean-cut, burnished, neat," from French ters
"clean," and directly from Latin tersus "wiped off, clean,
neat," from past participle of tergere "to rub, polish, wipe."
Sense of "concise or pithy in style or language" is from 1777, which
led to a general sense of "neatly concise." The pejorative meaning
"brusque" is a fairly recent development. Related: Terseness.
cogent (adj.) Look up cogent at Dictionary.com
1650s, from French cogent "necessary,
urgent" (14c.), from Latin cogentem (nominative cogens), present
participle of cogere "to curdle; to compel; to collect," literally
"to drive together," from com- "together" (see co-) + agere
"to set in motion, drive, drive forward; to do, perform" (see act
(n.))
WEEK27
(n.) Look up
pinnacle at Dictionary.com
c. 1300,
"mountain, peak, promontory," from Old French pinacle "top,
gable" (13c.) and directly from Late Latin pinnaculum "peak,
pinnacle, gable," extended form (via diminutive suffix, but not
necessarily implying smallness) of Latin pinna "peak, point," (see
pin (n.1)). Figurative use is attested from c. 1400.
array
(adj.) Look up
obscure at Dictionary.com
c. 1400,
"dark," figuratively "morally unenlightened; gloomy," from
Old French obscur, oscur "dark, clouded, gloomy; dim, not clear"
(12c.) and directly from Latin obscurus "dark, dusky, shady,"
figuratively "unknown; unintelligible; hard to discern; from insignificant
ancestors," from ob "over" (see ob-) + -scurus
"covered," from PIE *(s)keu- "to cover, conceal" (see sky).
Related: Obscurely.
(v.) Look up
obscure at Dictionary.com
early 15c.,
"to cover (something), cloud over," from obscure (adj.) or else from
Middle French obscurer, from Latin obscurare "to make dark, darken,
obscure," from obscurus. Related: Obscured; obscuring.
ardent (adj.) Look up ardent at Dictionary.com
early 14c., of
alcoholic distillates, brandy (ardent spirits), etc., from Old French ardant
(13c.) "burning, hot; zealous," from Latin ardentem (nominative
ardens) "glowing, fiery, hot, ablaze," also used figuratively of
passions, present participle of ardere "to burn," from PIE root *as-
"to burn, glow" (source also of Old English æsce "ashes;"
see ash (n.1)).
Ardent spirits
(late 15c.) so called because they are inflammable, but the term now, if used
at all, probably is felt in the figurative sense. The figurative sense (of
"burning with" passions, desire, etc.) is from late 14c.; literal
sense of "burning, parching" (c. 1400) remains rare. Related:
Ardently.
culminate (v.) Look up culminate at Dictionary.com
1640s, from
Late Latin culminatus past participle of culminare "to top, to
crown," from Latin culmen (genitive culminis) "top, peak, summit,
roof, gable," also used figuratively, contraction of columen (see column).
Related: Culminated; culminating.
-
constrict (v.) Look up constrict at Dictionary.com
early 15c.,
from Latin constrictus, past participle of constringere "compress"
(see constrain). A direct borrowing from Latin of the same word which, via
French, became constrain. Related: Constricted; constricting.
prodigy (n.) Look up prodigy at Dictionary.com
late 15c.,
"sign, portent, something extraordinary from which omens are drawn,"
from Latin prodigium "prophetic sign, omen, portent, prodigy," from
pro "forth, before" (see pro-) + -igium, a suffix or word of unknown
origin, perhaps from the same source as aio "I say" (see adage).
Meaning "child with exceptional abilities" first recorded 1650s.
Related: Prodigial.
bereft (adj.) Look up bereft at Dictionary.com
late 14c.,
past participle adjective from bereave (v.).
falter (v.) Look up falter at Dictionary.com
late 14c.,
"to stagger, totter," of unknown origin, possibly from a Scandinavian
source (compare Old Norse faltrask "be burdened, hesitate, be
troubled"), or else a frequentative of Middle English falden "to
fold," influenced by fault (but OED rejects any direct connection to that
word). Of the tongue, "to stammer," mid-15c. Related: Faltered;
faltering.
exultation (n.) Look up exultation at Dictionary.com
early 15c.,
from Old French exultacion "joyousness, exultation," from Latin
exultationem/exsultationem "a leaping for joy, exultation," noun of action
from past participle stem of exultare/exsultare (see exult). The notion is of
leaping or dancing for joy. An Old English word for it was heahbliss "high
bliss."
-
vitriolic (adj.) Look up vitriolic at Dictionary.com
1660s, from
French vitriolique (16c.) or from vitriol + -ic. Figurative sense "biting,
caustic, very severe" is by 1841.
invective (n.) Look up invective at Dictionary.com
"an
attacking in words," 1520s, from Medieval Latin invectiva "abusive
speech," from Late Latin invectivus "abusive, scolding" from
invect-, past participle stem of invehere "to carry in, bring in, introduce;
assault, assail; attack with words" (see inveigh). For nuances of usage,
see humor (n.). The earlier noun form in English was inveccion (mid-15c.), and
invective (adj.) was in Middle English.
besmirch (v.) Look up besmirch at Dictionary.com
1590s, from
be- + smirch.
Our Gayness
and our Gilt are all besmyrcht. ["Henry V," IV.iii.110]
Related:
Besmirched; besmirching.
voluminous (adj.) Look up voluminous at Dictionary.com
1610s,
"forming a large mass," also "full of turnings and
windings," from Late Latin voluminosus, from Latin volumen (genitive
voluminis) "volume" (see volume). Related: Voluminously;
voluminousness.
retrospect (n.) Look up retrospect at Dictionary.com
c. 1600,
"a regard or reference" (to something), from Latin retrospectum, past
participle of retrospicere "look back," from retro- "back"
(see retro-) + specere "look at" (see scope (n.1)). Meaning
"survey of past events" is from 1660s.
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egotist (n.) Look up egotist at Dictionary.com
1714,
"one who makes too frequent use of the first-person singular
pronoun," see ego + -ist. First attested in Joseph Addison (see egotism).
Related: Egotistic; egotistical; egotistically.
(n.) Look up
humility at Dictionary.com
early 14c.,
"quality of being humble," from Old French umelite "humility,
modesty, sweetness" (Modern French humilité), from Latin humilitatem
(nominative humilitas) "lowness, small stature; insignificance; baseness,
littleness of mind," in Church Latin "meekness," from humilis
"humble" (see humble (adj.)). In the Mercian hymns, Latin humilitatem
is glossed by Old English eaðmodnisse.
pungent
inveterate (adj.) Look up inveterate at Dictionary.com
late 14c.,
"old," from Latin inveteratus "of long standing, chronic,
old," past participle of inveterare "become old in," from in-
"in, into" (see in- (2)) + verb from vetus (genitive veteris)
"old" (see veteran). From early 15c. as "firmly established by
long continuance;" from c. 1500, of persons, "hardened,
confirmed" (in habit, etc.). Related: Inveterateness.
(adj.) Look up
adamant at Dictionary.com
late 14c.,
"hard, unbreakable," from adamant (n.). Figurative sense of
"unshakeable" first recorded 1670s. Related: Adamantly; adamance.
(n.) Look up
adamant at Dictionary.com
Old English
aðamans "a very hard stone;" the modern word is a mid-14c. borrowing
of Old French adamant "diamond; magnet" or directly from Latin
adamantem (nominative adamas) "adamant, hardest iron, steel," also
used figuratively, of character, from Greek adamas (genitive adamantos), name
of a hypothetical hardest material, noun use of an adjective meaning
"unbreakable, inflexible," which was metaphoric of anything unalterable
(such as Hades), a word of uncertain origin.
It is perhaps
literally "invincible, indomitable," from a- "not" (see a-
(3)) + daman "to conquer, to tame," from PIE root *deme- "to
constrain, force, break (horses)" (see tame (adj.)). "But
semantically, the etymology is rather strange," according to Beekes, who
suggests it might be a foreign word altered in Greek by folk etymology, and
compares Akkadian (Semitic) adamu.
Applied in
antiquity to a metal resembling gold (Plato), white sapphire (Pliny), magnet
(Ovid, perhaps through confusion with Latin adamare "to love
passionately"), steel, emery stone, and especially diamond, which is a
variant of this word. "The name has thus always been of indefinite and
fluctuating sense" [Century Dictionary].
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